Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta druglore. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta druglore. Mostrar todas las entradas

viernes, 18 de agosto de 2023

PUDDING MED ARSENIK

 PUDDING MED ARSENIK

Enligt Tor Isedal och Magoyond


I en gryta med stryknin

sättes till en dos morfin

Ljumma upp och häll i sen

ett glas fullt av fotogen...

Åh, jag häller nog i två!

Skrapa sen en igelslem,

ger en smak som fint går hem,

en skorpion i bitar små...

Och så vanlig peppar på!

NEEEEJ!!!

........................

Denna arsenik blir stark

när man sätter till av knark

två matskedar rågade...

Undrar om någon vågade!!!

Jo jo! Jag sätter nog till TRE!!

Ödleblod i särskild skål

hettas upp så långt det tål,

kobragift sju droppar små...

Och så pudersocker på!

NEEEEJ!!!

........................

Lite råttgift rörs däri,

bättre kan det knappast bli,

för att göra smaken fin

ta tre klyftor apelsin...

Jag tar bara EN!

Krydda upp med syltad frukt,

kamouflerar dålig lukt,

med essens av kaprifol...

Och en smula vitriol!

JAAA!!! Det är ju SVAVELSYRA!!!

Vi visste att det vore bra...

......................

Puddingen med arsenik 

säkert gör att några lik

hamnar uppå Nilens strand,

mums för krokodilens tand!

ZOM-BIER-NAAA!!!

(scattande)



martes, 22 de noviembre de 2022

THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF DARK SUBJECT MATERIAL

There are, in my own humble opinion, four main criteria necessary to make a fiction extremely dark and edgy, or rude and crude, or unsuitable for people below their mid-teens, which is the same. Since there are four of them and they tend to crop up together and be wicked, I call them the Four Horsemen of Dark Subject Material. All four of them are more or less taboo to a younger target demographic. And who are these Horsemen? They are (in no particular order): Foul Language, Drug Use, Sex, and Death.

  1. Foul Language involves all instances of swearing and using taboo words, including (but not limited to) the famous seven dirty words: shit, piss, fuck, cunt, cock, motherfucker, and tits. One that did not make this list but is also quite common is ass, or arse. These are only the tip of the scheissberg...
  2. Drug Use involves the consumption not only of illegal drugs (cocaine, maryjane, meth...) but also of the so-called legal or social drugs (nicotine and alcohol), and even of fictional drugs (rauha, tracker jacker venom...); long story short, any substance that stimulates the mind and creates a habit that can spiral into addiction.
  3. Sex involves anything related to erotica, be it straight or LGBTQ+, from the first foreplay of curious late-teens to the presence of sex toys and shops where one is able to purchase them, from the presence of dominatrixes and S&M dungeons in villains' dens of iniquity to the practice of "dropping the soap" in the men's shower at the county jail (Highlight if you didn't get the "dropping the soap" joke yet.) The joke here is that, when the guy that dropped the soap bends down to pick it, naked, in the shower, a more muscular and taller cellmate ambushes and ass-rapes him from behind. It's a very distasteful and painful joke that, nevertheless, Hollywood has not wearied of.
  4. Death refers to those deaths that are more impactful than others. The death of a child or adolescent, a violent murder, the carnage of war or of a Mafia shootout, poisonings with graphic effects like arsenic or strychnine... That kind of deaths that it actually hurts to watch or to read about. Unless you have watched and/or read so much dark subject material that you have become desensitized.

martes, 15 de marzo de 2022

“Hay una jeringuilla en el lavabo” - ANÁLISIS

 Veamos un ejemplo basado en el verso “Hay una jeringuilla en el lavabo”.

Fases del análisis simbólico

Fases de análisis 

Verso “Hay una jeringuilla en el lavabo” 

1.-Objeto en sí mismo:  Jeringuilla / Lavabo 

2.-Objeto con función: Jeringuilla, útil sanitario para inyectar en el cuerpo una sustancia. / Lavabo, parte del cuarto de baño para refrescarse o lavarse.

3.-Desglose de lo físico y lo abstracto: Jeringuilla como realidad tangible referente a la heroína, a la droga como problema social. / Lavabo como sanitario alterado, testigo mudo y recipiente del vehículo de la heroína.

4.-Direcciones simbólicas: Jeringuilla como testigo activo de la presencia de la heroína. Problemas sociales. / Lavabo como testigo mudo y recipiente del vehículo de la heroína. Alteración del orden público.

5.-Conexión sentimental: La droga como problema social está presente.


 

miércoles, 19 de enero de 2022

SOPHIA AND THE CHALICE

 This fragment is from the Portuguese fairytale The Three Little Blue Stones (As tres pedrinhas azuis) as told in Parcast Tales. It's a slandered wife tale, taking place in the husband Prince Miguel's castle in his village kingdom. Again, the wife Elena is drugged so the evil in-laws can do their dastardly deeds to her (slit her newborn triplets' throats and make her look like the culprit) while she is unconscious; and I loved how it described the drugging from her POV.

The key character here is Princess Sophia, the sister-in-law. She is described upon being introduced in the story as "a young woman, skinny as a twig." My mental image of hers is a bit like an evil medieval or renaissance Yuzuriha Nekoi... Anyway, we cut straight to her making her move!


...as Princess Sophia arrived with a chalice of wine. She presented it to Elena.

"Drink this; it will make the birth go easier."

Elena gulped it down. It tasted sour on her lips. The pain faded away from her body; but... so did everything else. Elena's eyes rolled to the back of her head; her mind felt fuzzy. Then, everything went black.

Coming up; Elena awakens to a bloody horror.

Elena drifted back into consciousness. Her head pounded as she tried to piece together her final memories; ..., Sophia and the chalice, ... Her throat was impossibly dry! With a raspy voice, she called out: ...

Needless to say justice is served like in the end of every fairytale. Prince Miguel says in the Parcast adaptation:

"Find my ... sister. They're the true murderers. Lock them in a tower; I can't kill them myself!"


POST SCRIPTUM.

Having just read the original tale As tres pedrinhas azuis I found out that both the drugging and the sister-in-law character are absent in it. This change makes the Parcast adaptation more interesting than the source material, knowing me and my tastes...

jueves, 9 de diciembre de 2021

WOLFGANG SCHIVELBUSCH ON DRUGLORE

WOLFGANG SCHIVELBUSCH ON DRUGLORE - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUNDS FOR THE MOTIF OF THE POISONED CUP



To visit a pub is to step into another world. For there the abstract law of exchange is suspended, at least in part. It's not that customers don't have to pay for drinks. The barkeeper is in business, after all. But somehow the rules of the outside world don't govern here. 


Mass Observation, a sociological study undertaken in England in the 1930s, documents the drinking behavior of twentieth-century pubs and describes a typical scene. On a Sunday afternoon three men sit at a bar, each nursing a drink that he has paid for himself. A fourth man enters, and after ordering a drink and half-emptying his glass, he calls to the bartender to order drinks for all four. They begin a conversation, and after a while one of the other men orders another round. Two of the men who have not yet paid for a round are unemployed, but one of them orders the third round. When the drinks are placed before the group, the second of the two unemployed men leaves the pub, signaling his intent to return by leaving his glass half-empty. When he returns five minutes later, he finishes his drink and orders another four drinks. Now the round is complete. Later he confesses that he really did not want to be part of the round because he was short of money. He had to go home to get money because he felt he couldn't excuse himself from the round. From personal experience everyone recognizes this unspoken obligation to participate in rounds of drinks regardless of whether he's in the mood or not, and even when he can't really afford it. Not to go along with it would be to lose face. Yet this sort of obligation holds true only in bars, pubs, and such locales, and only in connection with alcoholic drinks. The idea of such a thing happening in a restaurant would be absurd. What is natural in a bar or public house is meaningless on the outside. 


Drinking, then, is apparently a special human activity, or, to quote from the Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens [Dictionary of German Superstition], article "Trinken", "the superstitious ideas and customs that center around the activity of drinking are to be understood as remnants of older magical, cultic actions and manifestations of belief." 


But why should it be drinking to which these primordial notions have remained so strongly attached rather than eating solids, which is certainly as essential to life? 


In the first place, archaic magical interpretations saw drinking and eating as equally conflicting processes. On the one hand, a person who consumes and incorporates things becomes their master. But on the other hand, the consumer thereby delivers themself up to them, in a sense succumbs to them. For things have lives of their own. The plants and animals a person eats (aside from cannibalism) continue to have an effect within the consumer, indeed work either with or against them, depending on whether they are well or ill disposed toward the consumer. 


What makes drinking more important than eating solids is the fact that here the individual life or soul of a thing is being directly assimilated. In magical thinking every fluid symbolizes blood, and the blood or sap -vital fluid- of an animal or a plant is its soul. This accounts for the taboo against the presence of blood in food of most cultures, our own included. The Christian Eucharist still contains an echo of this identification of blood with the soul.

Because of this direct connection drinking had something menacing about it for primitive humans. As one drinks, one assimilates the soul of something else and one loses their own soul in proportion to their drinking. Wine is the classical instance of this. The person intoxicated by wine no longer possesses their own soul, but is filled by that of the wine, that is, the wine god.

Like most magical conceptions, this one too has a grain of physiological truth to it. Liquid imbibed enters the bloodstream faster than solid foods. The effect for any given drink is more rapid, more immediately observable. And the custom of adding poison to drink has an actual physiological basis as well as the magical one. The poisoned drink is as old as humankind's drinking culture and drinking magic itself. In magical lore every drink is potentially poisoned or, to put it in more general terms, a threat, in that it might embody a soul hostile to the drinker.

Through history drinking rituals have evolved, aimed at neutralizing this menacing aspect. Drinking rituals are communal so that all will feel safe and be able to keep a watchful eye on one another. The king's taster, whose duty it was to test every drink set before his lord for poison, was a variant on this communal drinking, revealing its purpose explicitly.

The oldest and most important drinking ritual is the toast. In making their toasts the drinkers vow reciprocal friendship, goodwill, and good intentions, using traditional stock formulas. One such eleventh-century drinking oath goes: "Let the cups be brought and let us drink to health, drink after me and drink to me, drink to the full, drink half the cup and I shall drink to you." Another toast from the thirteenth century ran: "I drink to you, now drink as much as I do." In a sense, the drink itself was consecrated by these formulas, thus ceasing to be a threat. On the contrary, it became a guarantee and symbol of communality, friendship, and fraternity for those who were drinking. Toasting in archaic societies assumed proportions scarcely imaginable today. Even in the sixteenth century all drinking binges necessarily ended in the total inebriation of all participants, since it would have been an unheard-of breach of drinking etiquette for any member to quit sooner. In drinking etiquette it is taboo not to accept a proffered drink or, for that matter, not to reciprocate. 

Communal drinking is, as has already been suggested here, characterized by a remarkable ambivalence. On the one hand, it creates fraternity among drinkers, on the other this relationship is marked by mutual caution, obligation, and competitiveness, which make it seem far less than friendly. In an instant the bond can be broken and turned into its opposite, should the basic rule be violated. Anyone who refuses a drink offered him in a workers' bar may well find themself in the middle of a brawl; if one does not in turn offer a round, one makes a fool of oneself. Once one is a participant in a round of drinks, one cannot suddenly of their own accord back out. As the scene cited at the start of this chapter shows, one must observe certain rules, even if one is not in the mood. Behavioural sociologists determined from actual observation how ironclad these rules are, unwritten though they may be: "Once the proclamation is made that rounds have begun, it is incumbent upon the members of a group to participate regardless of individual preferences. One cannot demand that they pay for one's own drink and one's own drink only. If one of the members of the group must leave immediately after their first drink, they will usually state that they will stand the first round, being unavailable to stand any subsequent round. Although paying for more drinks than he will be consuming during the course of his stay may be economically unfair to him, it is required that either the other participants in the group accept his offer or that some other member volunteer to take the first round and allow the soon-to-be-departing member's drink to be defined as a gift drink. For example, if one member requests the first round because he must leave and his offer is declined, it is typically declined by someone saying, 'No, let me get the first round, and I'll treat you to a drink.' Once rounds have begun, each member of the group in turn is obligated to stand at least one round. Thus, if a group is composed of four members, rounds must continue for at least four drinks, after which another set of rounds may begin or the participants may begin purchasing their drinks on an individual basis. When rounds have started, the original
group members typically remain together, at least until they have purchased their round, since each member of the group is obligated to purchase one round. Sometimes a member of the original group who has stood their round will move to some other part of the bar, but members of the original group who are yet to stand a round must still include that member even though he or she is no longer physically part of the group. And the defector, in turn, must at least by gesture acknowledge each subsequent drink received from the group, thus maintaining social contact at least until the termination of the rounds." 

The above-mentioned study Mass Observation notes how far, indeed how deep into realms of the unconscious, the feeling of fraternity within a group of drinkers extends. Members of rounds will empty their glasses almost at the same time, and often the levels of the liquid in the glasses will vary by no more than half an inch. The variations are most marked when the glasses are less than half full. They begin at the same time and finish at the same, or almost the same, time. The study relates an impressive example of this telepathic sense of community by reporting about a group of four men of whom one is blind. All sit at a table and order their beer. As soon as the glasses are served, they all raise them to their lips and drink for about four seconds, each returning his glass to the table at the same time. Each, including the blind man, has emptied exactly a quarter of the glass. The next few times they drink in shorter gulps, sometimes the blind man first, sometimes the other three, without any noticeable pattern. But, at the end, they all finish their drinks with a variation of between a quarter and a half inch of beer remaining. 

 The rules and rituals that accompany drinking in a bar or pub survive in our modern civilization as relics from a long-forgotten age. The public house or bar, in fact, may be termed a sort of preserve, in which archaic behavior patterns that have all but vanished from other spheres of life are kept alive. To fully understand the meaning of drinking rituals, one must recall these age-old modes of conduct, mechanisms, and rituals, and their social function. This archaic practice which is perpetuated in drinking rituals is known in anthropology as a potlatch. The potlatch is a kind of sacrificial offering, not to the divinity, but to other human beings. In the potlatch valuable objects are either destroyed in the presence of members of another tribe (a destruction potlatch) or given to them (a gift potlatch). From a modern, rationalistic point of view this process seems senseless, but for primitive societies it has, as the French anthropologist and sociologist Marcel Mauss discovered, an absolutely central social importance: "The motive for these excessive gifts and this reckless consumption, the senseless loss and destruction of property is in no way unselfishly motivated. Among chieftains, vassals, and followers a hierarchy is established by means of these gifts. Giving is a way of demonstrating one's superiority, of showing that one is greater, that one stands higher . . .; to accept, without reciprocating or giving more in return, means subordinating oneself, becoming a vassal and follower, sinking deeper."

Even today traces survive of this original sense of gift giving. Anyone who gives a gift, treats, or invites another is the superior and more powerful person. The recipient, of course, has the advantage of receiving something of value without paying for it; but on the other hand the recipient does pay for it, precisely by being left the passive receiver. For this reason it is mostly children, especially young children—those who in our society personify powerlessness and passivity—who are given gifts (by adults, often their parents or guardians). The German expression for reciprocating a gift, sich revanchieren, contains a word closely linked to "revenge," a reminder that every gift basically entails an assault on the autonomy of the receiver. This is exactly what Nietzsche, that great unmasker of fair appearances, meant by calling gratitude a form of revenge: expressing thanks when one has received a favor or a present gives an immaterial counterpresent, so to speak, a formula by which the recipient attempts to neutralize or, more accurately, to avenge, the incursion into their existence the gift represents. 

 Yet these are only lingering traces of the older meaning that gift giving, gift receiving, and the exchange of presents once had. With the capitalist principle of exchange, this mechanism has generally lost its power in our daily lives. 

It is only in the context of alcohol drinking that it still survives with any degree of vigour. In a sense, the bar is a thoroughly archaic place, with more than mere vestiges, hints, or sublimations of what once was clinging to it. Here the genuine article lives on: drinkers sharing rounds are participants in a potlatch. With the instinctive sureness of migratory birds they follow the rules and rituals of offering and reciprocating, without an inkling of their ancient origins. Assisting them in this, of course, is the alcohol itself, around which everything revolves. It washes away the newer, "civilized" levels of consciousness, exposing the archaic level where intoxication, fraternity, and competition merge as spontaneously as they might have in a drinking bout five hundred, a thousand, or three thousand years ago. 



(From Chapter 6 of Tastes of ParadiseA Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants)

Eine andere Quelle, dass ich konsultieren will ist:

Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Narkotika9.1187-1194Schwibbe, Gudrun

martes, 26 de noviembre de 2019

Cokelore

Not all of these Coke myths are scientifically accurate. Take them in general with a grain of salt, unless my observations on the myths, in parentheses, say something about their accuracy.


  • The present-day Coke formula is kept by the Coca-Cola Company in a bank in Switzerland under highest security (accurate fact) for a good reason; the original recipe, dating from the Gilded Age US (turn of last century), contained cocaine and kola nuts (scientifically accurate AND hence the brand name)... but no one knows if the drink does so still.
  • Coke dissolves milk teeth if you put one in a glass of the dark nectar overnight or over several days (alas, poor tooth fairy).
  • Coke hurts raw meat if you put some in a glass of the dark nectar overnight or over several days (thus, the same would apply to exposed human flesh, muscle tissue as well).
  • Coke kills human sperm.
  • An Aspirin in a glass or small bottle of Coke makes a tried-and-true love potion and/or aphrodisiac.
  • A Mentos mint in a glass or bottle of Coke makes a chemical geyser (this is scientifically accurate, due to the reaction that ensues).
  • Human fingers and dead rodents have been found in Coke bottles (again, this is scientifically accurate, but it happened more commonly in the olden days, when industrial oversight and industrial accidents were far more common).



martes, 19 de noviembre de 2019

HOW TO ESCAPE A "CHIVALROUS" LIEUTENANT

A skinny brag in a long brown coat stood by himself at the bar, looking down at an untouched drink. He was one of the youngest men here. Aster was just about to approach him when another girl reached him first, leaning easy against the counter. 
Damn it. 
Aster turned away, searching desperately for someone else she could corner. Then, she spotted him: a man hovering alone by the piano, near enough the front door that Dex was sure to come running at her distraction. The brag wore the faded gray uniform of the Arkettan forces. Glory to the Reckoning, the words beneath his stripes said—the national motto. Like lawmen, armymen were offered a reduced price at welcome houses. They were always eager to find someone to listen to their stories about the dustblood rebels they’d helped capture. 
Aster started towards him, slicing through the crowd. 
“Looks like you could use some company,” she said, slipping in at his side and trailing her fingers along his arm. Aster was never usually this forward, and for the first time she found herself wishing she had Violet’s skill in effortless flirting. 
The armyman squared up, his eyes glassy and unfocused from too much drink. “And what’s your name, miss?” he asked thickly. 
“I’m called Aster. See?” she teased, turning to show off her favour. She managed a sweeping glance of the room as she did so, but there was still no sign of Violet. She swallowed around the knot in her throat. 
“Well, Lieutenant Carney, at your service, Aster,” the armyman introduced himself, clumsily tipping his slouch hat. He eyed her up and down slowly, a half grin spreading across his face. A daybreak girl passed by with a tray of bright cocktails. He swiped two. 
“Sweet drink for a sweet girl?” he asked. 
Aster thanked him demurely, taking the glass. She looked past him to the stairs. Where was Violet? 
And then Aster spotted her, swaggering down the steps with surprising confidence. Her long hair had been tucked away underneath the brag’s hat, her feminine figure hidden by his knee-length coat. She’d wrapped his silk dustkerchief around the bottom half of her face. But it wasn’t these things that made her look the part. It was the way she carried herself, the natural authority and obvious sense of entitlement. She showed none of the fear that she surely felt. 
Aster’s blood raced. She wet her lips. 
“Wander well,” Carney said to her cheerfully, raising his glass in a toast. 
She turned to the armyman, fighting to keep her calm. “Wander well,” she replied with a forced smile, and she drained her drink in three swallows. 
The alcohol lit a fire down her throat, sticky sweetness burning on her tongue. She coughed violently. Braced herself against Carney’s shoulder as her head spun. 
Carney rubbed her back, laughing. Her skin crawled at his touch. 
“Easy!” he said with disbelief. “You dustblood girls really are tough as drygrass.” 
“Well, we aim to impress, Lieutenant,” she replied airily. “Though I’ll confess I’m feeling a bit faint now.” She straightened up but let herself sway where she stood. 
“Nothing a chaser won’t fix,” Carney said with too much eagerness. 
Aster looked past him again. Violet had made it to the foyer. She was next in line to leave. 
Carney persisted. “Here, I’ll take you to the bar—” 
“Don’t trouble yourself,” Aster said quickly. “I just need to sit for a spell.” She took a few wobbly steps, let out a dramatic wail, and collapsed to the floor. The piano music cut off. A collective gasp went up around the room. 
Aster remained on the floor, eyes closed, as chaos erupted around her. A jumble of voices filled the air: girls calling her name, a man calling for help. The floor vibrated under her cheek with the thumps of footsteps as a crowd gathered. She could hear Mother Fleur pushing through them and apologizing for the disturbance. The smell of cigar smoke in the rug turned her stomach. 
“Keep back, she’s with me,” Carney ordered. 
Aster fluttered her eyes open. A tangle of legs stood between her and the front door, but she could just make out Violet, striding outside. Dex was lumbering towards the growing crowd, forcing calm upon the guests with his mental influence. Aster’s relief, however, was her own. 
Violet had made it out. 
Then a cold realization trickled down Aster’s spine, chilling her brief rush of triumph: What if Violet simply ran away? What if she didn’t wheel the cart around for the rest of them, just used the brag’s hand to make her escape and leave them for dead? Maybe she’d only wanted to use them, maybe that had been her plan all along. 
No choice now but to see this through. 
Aster looked up at Dex, whose lip curled to reveal yellowed teeth, and Mother Fleur, whose mouth smiled but whose eyes flashed with fury. Aster’s sloppy behavior would reflect poorly on the welcome house. Normally that would mean she’d spend tomorrow having her mind pulled apart by one of the raveners. 
But by this time tomorrow, Aster would either be free or dead. 
“Are you all right, Aster?” Mother Fleur asked, her voice dripping with false concern. 
Aster took Carney’s hand and stood up slowly. “I’m fine now, ma’am. Just got a little lightheaded. Sorry for causing a stir.” She didn’t have to fake the quaver in her voice. “I think I had better retire for the night, though, with your permission.” 
“Of course,” Mother Fleur replied. “And the lieutenant here would like to come along and make sure you’re okay, and spend a little time with you.” She turned towards the brag and smiled. “The Aster Room is at the end of the hall on the right.” 
Carney stepped in closer as the rest of the crowd began to dissipate. 
Aster’s panic doubled. “Actually, I’m not sure—” she began. “Don’t worry, I’ll look after you,” he promised. He draped his arm around her and guided her towards the stairs. 
Aster’s heart thudded against her ribcage. This wasn’t part of the plan. She couldn’t bring him into her room. Clementine and the others were probably climbing out of the window right now. Or, if Violet had abandoned them, they were trapped there with no escape. 
She made herself stumble on the first step. 
“Careful, now,” Carney said. “Don’t want you taking another nasty tumble.” 
“Seems I’m too weak to go upstairs just yet,” Aster demurred. She’d hoped to stall for a moment, give everyone time to get out, but Carney simply scooped her up and started up the stairs. 
“No problem at all,” he said gallantly. 
Aster mouthed a curse. Of course acting helpless would only encourage him. 
He smiled down at her as he continued to talk, and Aster began to feel ill in earnest. And then there was the usual fear, too, the one that took hold of Aster every time she climbed these stairs with a brag. Bone-cold dread rose up to drown her. It didn’t matter that Carney seemed to think himself chivalrous. The end result was always the same. 
They reached the top of the stairs. Carney set her down. Aster made a slow gallows walk to the end of the hall. She drew in a tight breath as she wrapped her hand around the knob. 
Please, by the Veil, don’t let me find anyone behind this door. Let them have escaped. Please. 
She opened the door. 
And exhaled. The room was empty, the window open. She strolled over to it, pretending to simply close the curtains. She glanced down and saw the hay cart waiting below. 
Clementine had gotten out. They’d all gotten out. 
Then Carney closed the door behind him with a thud, dropping Aster’s heart. She couldn’t jump with him standing there right behind her. 
You’ll just have to fight him. Knock him out. 
A trained soldier? She didn’t like her chances. 
“Well, then, where should we start?” Carney asked, his words slurring slightly. He stepped in behind her and circled her waist with his meaty hands. 
Aster’s throat swelled. Her eyes burned. She could already feel herself sliding into that place of numb detachment where she went every night, her mind floating farther and farther away and leaving her body to fend for itself. Her breath was overloud in her ears, and her limbs grew so heavy she might as well have swallowed a whole week’s worth of Sweet Thistle. 
“I’m sure you’ve heard us all talk about Sweet Thistle before, Clementine,” Violet continued, “but words don’t really do justice to the feeling it gives you. It’s like letting your mind sink into a warm bath. Outside the welcome house there’re people clawing at each other for just a taste, but now that you’re a sundown girl you’ll get it every night. The cap is an eyedropper, see? One drop under the tongue will do. Mother Fleur will refill it for you every week.” 
Aster had only ever used her Sweet Thistle once, on her Lucky Night. She could understand why some girls liked it, but it left her limbs sluggish and her mind foggy in a way that had only made her feel more helpless, and the crushing hollowness it left the next morning had been worse than any natural hunger. Another dose would have sated it, but Aster knew that if she gave in, she’d be lost to Sweet Thistle for good. Even girls like Violet, who had only been taking it for a year, became fatigued and forgetful from its influence, and many of the older girls’ minds had melted away completely.
Sweet Thistle.
That’s it. 
“Let’s get you out of that dress. Help you breathe a little easier,” Carney said. She spun around to face him, still in his grasp. 
“There’s something I’ve been wanting to try for a while,” she murmured into his ear. “But I’m not sure you’re up for it.”
“Oh?” 
“Let me see if I can find it.” 
Aster disentangled herself and retreated to her vanity, where her small brown bottle of Sweet Thistle sat nestled among the jewelry and hairbrushes. 
She wet her lips, a flare of anger burning through the fog filling her mind. Every week, Mother Fleur had expected her to be grateful for this Sweet Thistle. Her parents had expected her to be grateful for this home. Lieutenant Carney probably expected her to be grateful for his restraint. As if any of those things changed what this place was, what it had almost done to Clementine. What it had already done to Aster and a thousand others. 
“You’re beautiful, you know,” Carney said idly. “Most of these dustblood girls . . .” He just shook his head. “But what else can a man expect from the Scab? Glad I found some good luck here after all.” 
I should crack a mirror over his head. 
Slit his throat with a shard of the glass. 
Let him bleed out like a pig.
But no, she couldn’t. She had to control her anger just as she controlled her fear. It was the only way she would make it out of here alive.
“What’ve you got there?” Carney continued. He had snuck up behind her, surprisingly light-footed. 
She swallowed and showed him the bottle of Sweet Thistle. “Just a little pick-me-up leftover from a former guest,” she said brightly. “Interested?” 
Carney raised an eyebrow. “What exactly does this pickme-up do?” 
“It’s an extract of a rare flower from the peaks of the mountains,” Aster lied. “Said to open your mind and senses and unlock your deepest potential for pleasure.” 
“That so?” 
She nodded. “Just a drop under your tongue. And the more you use, the stronger the effect. Not every man can handle it, though. Most can’t manage more than a dose or two. But an armyman such as yourself . . .” 
“Hand it over,” Carney said roughly. Aster obliged, watching, tensed, as he unscrewed the cap and ran the bottle under his nose. If he recognized the scent of Sweet Thistle, he would know Aster was playing him. But he just filled the dropper all the way to the top, opened his mouth, and emptied the liquid under his tongue. 
“See? No problem,” Carney said, his slur growing even more pronounced, the drug beginning to work its magic. “Now you just come over here and we can—we can—” 
He sat heavily on the bed, muttered a low curse, and fell back. Aster hurried to his side. His eyes were half open but unseeing, his words faint and incomprehensible. If he wasn’t already asleep, he would be soon. 
Aster moved quickly. 
She ran back to the window. The hay cart was still there, mercifully. And the sluggishness that had taken over her limbs just moments ago had lifted completely. Aster brimmed with energy, equal parts fear and anticipation. How many nights had she imagined an escape? It was finally happening. 
But not if she didn’t hurry. Every second she wasted was a second the other girls might be discovered in the stables. 
She lifted first one leg then the next out the window, the iron sill biting into her palms. She was certain that if she lingered even a moment, someone, something would come to stop her. A heartbeat later, she sat on the window ledge, legs dangling over open air. The distance between her feet and the hay cart seemed to yawn wider, now that the moment to jump was here. Go, she told herself. Jump
But instead Aster turned and looked over her shoulder— at the room that had been her prison for so long, at the man who would have used her like so many others already had. Nothing short of the death of a brag had given her this chance to escape, and she knew it was a chance that would come only this once. 
Aster made a decision right then. Even if it meant her life, she would never come back to this place or any place like it. 

Charlotte Nicole Davis 
(standalone girl-power-themed cattlepunk, just translated and released in Spain)

miércoles, 9 de enero de 2019

MAIS... UN NARCOTIQUE DANS LE CAFÉ? IRONIE!

FRANÇOIS FLAHAULT
LA PENSÉE DES CONTES 


C'est bien lui, c'est bien elle



À la recherche de l'époux disparu

Dans les contes du type À la recherche de l'époux disparu, très répandus en Europe et même en Asie,

Une nuit, voici qu'elle n'entend plus le ronflement de cochon de son mari. Elle approche une bougie: "Oh ! mon chéri, comme tu es beau !" s'exclame-t-elle. Son époux lui demande de garder le secret de son heureuse métamorphose. Plusieurs jours passent. Sa belle-mère, la voyant si contente, I'interroge à maintes reprises, de sorte qu'à la fin la jeune femme ne peut s'empêcher de lui dire le secret de son mari. "Malheureuse, tu m'as trahi, je vais te quitter", lui annonce le roi-cochon. "Et si tu veux me retrouver, il te faudra user sept paires de sabots de bois et sept paires de sabots de fer." Le lendemain, l'héroïne achète les chaussures nécessaires et se met en route. Un soir, alors qu'elle a déjà usé quatre paires, elle demande asile à une femme. "Je veux bien, mais mon mari pourrait vous manger." L'ogre rentre. "Ne lui fais pas de mal, lui dit la dame, c'est la femme du roi-cochon." Et l'ogre lui donne une noix magique. Après plusieurs mois de marche, l'héroïne arrive chez un frère de l'ogre, et tout se passe comme la première fois. Elle parvient enfin chez le troisième frère, le plus terrible, mais qui lui aussi se laisse amadouer, lui annonce que son mari va bientôt se remarier, et l'aide à atteindre le château où il réside. "Justement, lui dit-on, on cherche quelqu'un pour laver la vaisselle." Le soir de la noce, elle casse la première noix, en sort une robe de soie et la revêt. La nouvelle épouse la voit et veut la lui acheter. "Je ne demande pas d'argent, lui est-il répondu, mais je veux que vous me laissiez passer la nuit auprès de votre mari." Marché accepté - mais la nouvelle épouse verse un narcotique dans le café du roi-cochon ! De toute la nuit, l'héroïne ne parvient pas à le réveiller. Le soir suivant, c'est une robe d'argent qui sort de la seconde noix, et la même scène se répète, sans plus de résultats. Au cours de la journée du lendemain, une personne qui dormait dans la chambre voisine avertit le roi-cochon: "Qu'est-ce qui se passe dans votre chambre ? Toute la nuit, j'ai entendu une femme vous parler, se rappeler à vous." Le soir venu, lorsque l'héroïne, après avoir vendu une troisième robe, gagne la chambre de son ancien mari, celui-ci (il s'est arrangé pour ne pas boire son café) l'attend bien éveillé, et les époux tombent dans les bras l'un de l'autre. Le lendemain, l'homme annonce qu'il repart chez lui avec sa vraie femme.

Mais dans cette version française des Hautes-Alpes donnée comme example, ce qui m'a étonné le plus est que la nouvelle épouse verse son narcotique dans le café du roi-mari. Ça est parfois de l'ironie, hein? Dans beaucoup de versions c'est du vin ou de l'eau-de-vie, du lait chaud ou de l'infusion de tilleul... mais jamais du café qui a l'effet contraire!

Les motifs de la peau animale amovible, de l'écart à maintenir entre relation de sang et d'alliance, ainsi que celui des trois robes merveilleuses acquises par l'héroïne de La Recherche de l'époux nous ramènent au conte de Peau-d'âne. Essayons de préciser les relations qu'entretiennent ces deux types de contes. Une analogie générale : un premier temps centré sur le court-circuit (et, dans nombre de versions des deux types de contes, ce court-circuit équivaut au non-respect de l'écart entre relations de sang et d'alliance). Cet écart n'étant pas maintenu, la distance entre les deux termes qu'il devrait séparer se reproduit sous une forme à la fois différente et radicale. Ce qui conduit, dans un second temps, à un processus de médiation. 
Mais aussi des relations de transformation précises: l'autre héroïne voit au contraire son époux la fuir parce qu'elle n'a pu éviter la transgression. Du coup, la peau animale change elle aussi de fonction, car, si dans les deux cas l'un des personnages ne peut être tout à l'autre, l'apparence animale est ce que Peau-d'Ane revêt pour rétablir cet écart, alors que cette apparence animale est ce que perd l'époux du fait même du court-circuit. Quant aux trois robes merveilleuses, elles constituent bien de part et d'autre le prix payé par l'un des personnages pour se rapprocher de l'autre. Tandis que dans La Recherche de l'époux, l'héroïne cède à la seconde femme de son mari ce qui se vend à grand prix pour retrouver ainsi ce qui ne s'achète pas. ... dans l'autre (cas), il est du côté de la seconde femme, qui cède au mirage des robes merveilleuses. Dans les deux contes, donc, l'éclat séducteur de l'image joue un rôle. Non pas celui d'une simple apparence destinée à être dépassée et disqualifiée par la réalité vraie (le paganisme des contes les éloignent de la morale ascétique). Mais celui d'un bien visible dont il est légitime de jouir dès lors qu'il respecte les liens invisibles qui définissent les places et les identités. Ainsi, dans l'écart entre ces deux versants, visible et invisible (imaginaire et symbolique) se déploie un processus de reconnaissance, une médiation dans laquelle opère le discernement.

Chaussures et médiation 

Nous avons vu que dans sa longue marche, l'héroïne à la recherche de son époux disparu doit - c'est un motif très fréquent - user plusieurs paires de chaussures de fer. Ici, les chaussures ne servent plus à relier, comme dans Cendrillon, apparences et réalité, mais deux lieux séparés par une distance immense.
Je me souviens d'avoir lu, étant enfant, une version du conte comportant ce motif (dans un recueil de contes roumains édité pour la jeunesse). Je pouvais, bien sûr, imaginer des parcours plus longs que ceux que j'avais moi-même effectués, mais une marche tellement prolongée qu'elle vienne à bout de plusieurs paires de chaussures et, qui plus est, en fer ! Voilà qui invitait à imaginer l'inimaginable ; plaisant vertige auquel les contes (ou d'autres formes de récits) nous engagent volontiers. Nouvel exemple de la nécessité de distinguer entre deux formes de désirabilité: d'une part, désir de l'héroïne de rejoindre son époux; ce désir se communique aux auditeurs ou aux lecteurs du conte qui, eux aussi, souhaitent que "ça s'arrange". D'autre part, une désirabilité qui est assumée directement par le lecteur : une si longue marche est une grande souffrance pour le personnage qui l'accomplit, mais pour le lecteur, l'immensité de la distance à parcourir est comme une image de l'immensité de son propre espace psychique, de sorte qu'elle se traduit par une dilatation de son être et un plaisir d'imagination.
La distance même qui sépare deux lieux ou deux états, fût-elle déchirante, ou plutôt parce qu'elle est déchirante, vaut comme figure de complétude, comme figuration d'un point d'excès. Elle fait plaisir pour autant qu'elle donne place, dans cet espace partagé qu'est l'énonciation du récit, à une part de nous-même qui, autrement, ne trouve guère à s'exprimer que par la voie du symptôme.
Cet étrange plaisir témoigne sans doute de ceci: les rapports entre ce que j'ai appelé court-circuit et médiation ne se réduisent pas à une simple opposition; il semble en effet que celle-ci implique celui-là, comme si l'énergie engagée dans la médiation (la médiation figurée à l'intérieur du conte mais aussi celle que constitue l'énonciation même du conte) avait pour source celle qui résulte du court-circuit. L'idée d'une équivalence énergétique entre les deux processus s'impose également lorsque l'on compare La Recherche de l'époux aux Souliers usés à la danse. On y voit en effet la médiation (la tâche impossible) et le court-circuit (la précipitation compulsive) échanger leurs places d'un conte à l'autre comme si celles-ci étaient équivalentes:

A LA RECHERCHE DE L'ÉPOUX
L'héroïne ne peut s'empêcher de
percer et/ou transmettre le secret de
son époux.
Elle le perdra si elle enfreint
cette condition.
Elle doit, tâche impossible,
user ses chaussures.
Pour entendre sa femme, 
il doit suivre le conseil d'un tiers et ne pas absorber de soporifique. 

Si, dans La Recherche de l'époux, la reconnaissance ne s'opère pas au moyen d'une tessère mais, comme nous le verrons plus loin, par ce qu'on pourrait appeler une communication indirecte, l'image de la tessère est cependant évoquée dans un motif par lequel, fréquemment, se clôt le récit. Ce ne sont pas la chaussure ou l'anneau qui, alors, fonctionnent comme tessère, mais la clé. Après la nuit où l'épouse est enfin parvenue à se faire entendre de son mari, celui-ci adresse ces paroles aux parents de sa seconde femme:

 “ Si vous aviez fait faire une clé pour en remplacer une perdue, et si vous retrouviez ensuite la première, de laquelle vous serviriez-vous, de l'ancienne ou de la nouvelle ?
 — De l'ancienne.
 — Eh bien, moi, j'avais une femme et je la perdis; j'en pris une autre et, à cette heure, j'ai retrouvé la première : c'est celle-là que je garde.” (Je cite le texte d'une version de Gascogne, in C.P.F., II, 81. Dans une version bretonne déjà citée, Le Loup-lévrier, le héros oppose "une chaussure en bon état à laquelle le pied est habitué" à "une chaussure neuve que l'on ne connaît pas" (D. Laurent, ouvrage cité, p. 98).)

La "vraie" clé est donc supposée mieux correspondre à la serrure que la nouvelle. La parabole employée est fondée sur une analogie explicite entre la relation clé/serrure et femme/mari (et non pas, comme un symbolisme sommaire nous y aurait préparés, sur une analogie entre clé et homme, femme et serrure). La métaphore placée dans la bouche de l'époux fait songer à certaines de celles qu'emploie un personnage du Banquet de Platon pour parler des relations entre les deux moitiés de l'homme primitif, coupé en deux par Zeus : "Chacun de nous, dit Aristophane, est fraction complémentaire, tessère (en grec, sumbolon), et coupé comme il l'a été, une manière de carrelet, le dédoublement d'une chose unique: il s'ensuit que chacun est constamment en quête de la fraction complémentaire, de la tessère de lui-même." (Banquet, 192 d.)
C'est donc par l'image d'une sorte de sumbolon que le mari évoque le lien qui l'unit à sa "moitié". Mais ce n'est nullement par la seule vertu de la correspondance qui existerait entre eux comme entre clé et serrure que les époux se sont retrouvés : c'est grâce à une série de médiations. En ce sens, les contes où intervient la question de la reconnaissance diffèrent radicalement de ce que donne à penser le discours d'Aristophane. Celuici, en effet, ne conçoit pas l'intervention d'un tiers médiateur comme étant une condition sine qua non des retrouvailles. Si, à la suite de J.-P. Vernant, on écrit ainsi le compte de la totalisation selon Aristophane: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1, on constatera que pour les contes la formation du couple exige, en plus des deux "moitiés", l'addition d'une unité tierce. Pour Platon lui-même, la formule d'Aristophane est inexacte, car union sexuelle implique procréation, ce que Vernant résume par la formule: 1 + 1 = 3. Quant à la forme d'accomplissement que préconise le philosophe à la place de celui auquel aspire l'Aristophane du Banquet, on pourrait le formuler ainsi : 1 + 1 = 1.

La communication indirecte (parole qui sépare, parole qui réunit) 
Venons-en aux motifs par lesquels, dans les contes du type À la recherche de l'époux disparu, s'accomplit la reconnaissance. Ces motifs, je l'ai dit, ne s'appuient pas sur la figure du sumbolon, mais sur d'autres, plus complexes. Complétons d'abord le dossier en présentant un autre type de contes, L'Épouse substituée, dont l'un des deux sous-types fait intervenir la séquence où la femme cherche à se faire entendre de son époux endormi. Je résume le motif dans ce sous-type d'après une version recueillie à Plouaret en 1869.
Bientôt, Lévénès se marie à un gentilhomme et donne naissance à un fils. Le mari, trompé par l'obscurité, désire dormir auprès de celle qu'il croit être son épouse. La nuit venue, la cane vient voltiger autour du berceau et adresse ses plaintes au nourrisson. L'homme a absorbé à son insu un soporifique: il n'entend rien, ... La troisième nuit, la cane revient voleter au-dessus de son enfant: "C'est la dernière fois que je viens te voir, et ton père dort encore..." Mais celui-ci n'a pas bu le soporifique que lui destinait la marâtre, il se lève, ... Margot et sa mère sont punies.

... la femme métamorphosée en cane, Luzel, t. III

I


...



... LA FEMME MÉTAMORPHOSÉE EN CANE
_____

Selaouit holl, mar hoc’h eus c’hoant,
Setu aman eur gaozic koant,
Ha na eus en-hi netra gaou,
Mès, marteze, eur gir pe daou.

Écoutez, si vous voulez,
Voici un joli petit conte,
Dans lequel il n’y a pas de mensonge,
Si ce n’est, peut-être, un mot ou deux.

Heureusement, qu’elle se maria, peu après, à un jeune gentilhomme du pays, qui l’emmena avec lui à son château, et la marâtre et sa fille faillirent en mourir de dépit et de jalousie.

Voilà donc la jeune mère devenue cane, sur l’étang, pendant que la belle Margot occupait sa place, dans son lit, et faisait fermer toutes les fenêtres de la chambre. 
Lorsque le mari vint au lit de sa femme, demander de ses nouvelles, il trouva toutes les fenêtres closes.
— Comment êtes-vous, mon petit cœur ? lui demanda-t-il.
— Merde ! lui répondit une voix grossière, avec une puanteur insupportable.
— Hélas ! s’écria-t-il, ma pauvre femme est bien malade ; elle délire. Ouvrez les fenêtres, belle-mère, pour que je puisse la voir, car on ne voit goutte ici.
— La lumière lui ferait mal, dit la sage-femme, gagnée par la marâtre. et direz au mari qu’elle est malade et ne peut supporter la lumière.

Voilà le mari désolé. Il ne veut quitter sa femme, ni le jour ni la nuit ; il couche dans la même chambre qu’elle, mais, on lui donne un soporifique, et il dort comme un rocher.
Pendant que tout le monde dormait au château, à l’exception de la nourrice, qui veillait près du berceau, la dame-mère arriva par la fenêtre, qu’on avait ouverte pour renouveler l’air. Elle était sous la forme d’une cane, et se mit à voltiger autour du berceau, en disant :
—... Et ton père, hélas ! qui est là couché, à côté de celle qui a pris ma place, l’ignore et ne m’entend pas. Hélas ! hélas !...
Quand le mari s’éveilla, le lendemain matin, il demanda à celle qu’il croyait toujours être sa femme comment elle se trouvait. Mais, elle lui répondit encore par une grossièreté, et sa douleur n’en fit que s’accroître.
Avant de se mettre au lit, le mari but encore un soporifique, sans le savoir, et il dormit aussi profondément que la veille.
A l’heure où tout dormait, dans le château, la cane arriva encore dans la chambre ... et fit entendre les mêmes plaintes :
— Hélas ! ... ton père dort encore et ne m’entend pas ! Je viendrai encore, demain soir, pour la dernière fois, et si l’on ne me retire pas ..., il me faudra te quitter, toi et ton père, et pour toujours !
Et elle s’en alla encore, après avoir longtemps voltigé autour du berceau.
La nourrice vit et entendit tout, comme la veille, et se dit en elle-même :
— Arrive que pourra, il faut que je prévienne le maître de ce qui se passe ici ; mon cœur ne peut rester insensible aux plaintes de cette cane ; il y a là-dessous quelque mystère.
Le lendemain matin, quand le père vint voir son enfant, elle lui dit donc :
— J’ai quelque chose sur le cœur, que je veux vous déclarer. Vous ne savez pas ce qui se passe ici, la nuit.
— Quoi donc, nourrice ? Parlez, je vous prie.
On vous fait boire un soporifique, au moment de vous coucher, et vous n’entendez rien de ce qui se dit et se passe autour de vous ; on vous trompe, et celle que vous croyez être votre femme est Margot, la fille de la marâtre ...
Je me doutais bien, dit le mari, qu’il se passait quelque chose de mystérieux, au château ; mais, cette nuit, je ne boirai pas le soporifique et je serai sur mes gardes, et nous verrons bien.
Le soir, quand l’heure fut venue de se coucher, la marâtre versa encore le soporifique au mari. Il feignit de le boire, comme précédemment, et le jeta sous la table, sans qu’on s’en aperçût.
Vers minuit, quand tout le monde dormait, au château, excepté lui et la nourrice, la cane arriva encore, par la fenêtre, dans la chambre ... et parla ainsi :
— C'est pour la dernière fois, ... que je viens te voir, sous cette forme, et ton père dort encore, sans doute...
A ces mots, celui-ci sauta hors du lit, où il feignait de dormir, et s’écria :
— Non, je ne dors pas, cette fois !
Et il prit la cane, qui voltigeait au-dessus du berceau ..., et aussitôt elle revint à sa forme première et se jeta sur le berceau, pour embrasser son enfant.
— Allumez de la lumière, nourrice, et appelez la marâtre ! cria le mari.
La méchante vint ; mais, quand elle vit la tournure que prenaient les choses, elle voulut s’enfuir avec sa fille.
Holà ! s’écria le jeune seigneur, en voyant cela, attendez un peu, car chacun doit être payé selon ses œuvres.
Et il fit chauffer un four à blanc et l’on y jeta la marâtre et sa fille.
Quant à l'épouse vraie, elle vécut heureuse, le reste de ses jours, avec son mari et ses enfants.

Recueilli à Plouaret, janvier 1869.

Dans le conte de L'Épouse substituée aussi bien que dans La Recherche de l'époux, l'essentiel est de se faire entendre de celui qui dort, ce qui n'est possible que par la médiation d'un tiers qui l'avertit. Ce motif revient avec insistance dans ces deux contes, mais aussi dans quelques autres: L'Oiseau bleu de Mme d'Aulnoy ; ...

Maintenant que nous avons une vue d'ensemble des variations sur le thème de ce que j'ai appelé la communication indirecte, dégageons-en les traits essentiels. On peut en distinguer trois : 

1 - C'est grâce à la médiatioin d'un tiers que l'héroïne est tirée de l'état douloureux où elle est retranchée de l'humanité et coupée des liens vitaux qui l'attachent à une autre personne. 
2 - L'héroïne ne se sait pas entendue par celui dont l'intervention sera décisive. 
3 - Au moyen de ses robes merveilleuses ou d'autres objets précieux, l'héroïne achète ce qui ne se vend pas.

3. Acheter ce qui ne se vend pas 

On se souvient que si l'héroïne de La Recherche de l'époux disparu parvient à passer trois nuits auprès de son ancien mari, c'est parce qu'elle a acquis ce droit auprès de la nouvelle épouse en lui cédant ses trois robes merveilleuses. On se souvient également que dans le sous-type A de L'Épouse substituée, l'héroïne envoie quelqu'un vendre à la marâtre un objet précieux, le prix demandé étant précisément les yeux qui lui avaient été arrachés et qu'elle recouvre ainsi. 
C'est là un trait nouveau ; il ne se ramène pas au sumbolon. Ce curieux marché où de l'aliénable est échangé contre de l'inaliénable - un motif que l'on retrouve dans bien d'autres contes - est l'opérateur d'un renversement dans le cadre d'un rapport de forces entre deux personnages. Je me borne donc ici à en indiquer la logique générale.
Dans toute transaction marchande, chacune des parties prenantes risque de n'être qu'un moyen pour l'autre. Celui qui espère "posséder" l'autre peut bien devenir, en fin de compte, celui qui "s'est fait avoir". Dans le motif qui nous intéresse, le perdant est celui qui ne comprend pas que, de cette transaction apparemment marchande, son partenaire escompte un profit d'une tout autre nature : il ne s'agit pas pour lui de ce qu'il a, mais de ce qu'il est. C'est l'intégrité de sa personne ou de son corps qui est en jeu. La future perdante accepte le marché parce qu'elle croit y gagner : ce qu'elle acquiert est un bien précieux, alors que ce qu'elle donne ne lui coûte guère (d'autant plus qu'elle triche, faisant absorber un somnifère à son mari pour qu'il ne se passe rien entre lui et la femme qui viendra à son chevet). De même dans le cas où la marâtre acquiert des objets en or contre des yeux qui ne lui servent à rien.
En revanche, lorsque la femme à la recherche de son mari sacrifie elle aussi ses trois robes merveilleuses, elle y gagne puisque, grâce à ce marché, elle finit par se faire entendre de son époux.



*********************************************************



POST SCRIPTUM - WOLFGANG SCHIVELBUSCH ON DRUGLORE - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUNDS FOR THE MOTIF OF THE POISONED CUP



To visit a pub is to step into another world. For there the abstract law of exchange is suspended, at least in part. It's not that customers don't have to pay for drinks. The barkeeper is in business, after all. But somehow the rules of the outside world don't govern here. 


Mass Observation, a sociological study undertaken in England in the 1930s, documents the drinking behavior of twentieth-century pubs and describes a typical scene. On a Sunday afternoon three men sit at a bar, each nursing a drink that he has paid for himself. A fourth man enters, and after ordering a drink and half-emptying his glass, he calls to the bartender to order drinks for all four. They begin a conversation, and after a while one of the other men orders another round. Two of the men who have not yet paid for a round are unemployed, but one of them orders the third round. When the drinks are placed before the group, the second of the two unemployed men leaves the pub, signaling his intent to return by leaving his glass half-empty. When he returns five minutes later, he finishes his drink and orders another four drinks. Now the round is complete. Later he confesses that he really did not want to be part of the round because he was short of money. He had to go home to get money because he felt he couldn't excuse himself from the round. From personal experience everyone recognizes this unspoken obligation to participate in rounds of drinks regardless of whether he's in the mood or not, and even when he can't really afford it. Not to go along with it would be to lose face. Yet this sort of obligation holds true only in bars, pubs, and such locales, and only in connection with alcoholic drinks. The idea of such a thing happening in a restaurant would be absurd. What is natural in a bar or public house is meaningless on the outside. 


Drinking, then, is apparently a special human activity, or, to quote from the Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens [Dictionary of German Superstition], article "Trinken", "the superstitious ideas and customs that center around the activity of drinking are to be understood as remnants of older magical, cultic actions and manifestations of belief." 


But why should it be drinking to which these primordial notions have remained so strongly attached rather than eating solids, which is certainly as essential to life? 


In the first place, archaic magical interpretations saw drinking and eating as equally conflicting processes. On the one hand, a person who consumes and incorporates things becomes their master. But on the other hand, the consumer thereby delivers themself up to them, in a sense succumbs to them. For things have lives of their own. The plants and animals a person eats (aside from cannibalism) continue to have an effect within the consumer, indeed work either with or against them, depending on whether they are well or ill disposed toward the consumer. 


What makes drinking more important than eating solids is the fact that here the individual life or soul of a thing is being directly assimilated. In magical thinking every fluid symbolizes blood, and the blood or sap -vital fluid- of an animal or a plant is its soul. This accounts for the taboo against the presence of blood in food of most cultures, our own included. The Christian Eucharist still contains an echo of this identification of blood with the soul.

Because of this direct connection drinking had something menacing about it for primitive humans. As one drinks, one assimilates the soul of something else and one loses their own soul in proportion to their drinking. Wine is the classical instance of this. The person intoxicated by wine no longer possesses their own soul, but is filled by that of the wine, that is, the wine god.

Like most magical conceptions, this one too has a grain of physiological truth to it. Liquid imbibed enters the bloodstream faster than solid foods. The effect for any given drink is more rapid, more immediately observable. And the custom of adding poison to drink has an actual physiological basis as well as the magical one. The poisoned drink is as old as humankind's drinking culture and drinking magic itself. In magical lore every drink is potentially poisoned or, to put it in more general terms, a threat, in that it might embody a soul hostile to the drinker.

Through history drinking rituals have evolved, aimed at neutralizing this menacing aspect. Drinking rituals are communal so that all will feel safe and be able to keep a watchful eye on one another. The king's taster, whose duty it was to test every drink set before his lord for poison, was a variant on this communal drinking, revealing its purpose explicitly.

The oldest and most important drinking ritual is the toast. In making their toasts the drinkers vow reciprocal friendship, goodwill, and good intentions, using traditional stock formulas. One such eleventh-century drinking oath goes: "Let the cups be brought and let us drink to health, drink after me and drink to me, drink to the full, drink half the cup and I shall drink to you." Another toast from the thirteenth century ran: "I drink to you, now drink as much as I do." In a sense, the drink itself was consecrated by these formulas, thus ceasing to be a threat. On the contrary, it became a guarantee and symbol of communality, friendship, and fraternity for those who were drinking. Toasting in archaic societies assumed proportions scarcely imaginable today. Even in the sixteenth century all drinking binges necessarily ended in the total inebriation of all participants, since it would have been an unheard-of breach of drinking etiquette for any member to quit sooner. In drinking etiquette it is taboo not to accept a proffered drink or, for that matter, not to reciprocate. 

Communal drinking is, as has already been suggested here, characterized by a remarkable ambivalence. On the one hand, it creates fraternity among drinkers, on the other this relationship is marked by mutual caution, obligation, and competitiveness, which make it seem far less than friendly. In an instant the bond can be broken and turned into its opposite, should the basic rule be violated. Anyone who refuses a drink offered him in a workers' bar may well find themself in the middle of a brawl; if one does not in turn offer a round, one makes a fool of oneself. Once one is a participant in a round of drinks, one cannot suddenly of their own accord back out. As the scene cited at the start of this chapter shows, one must observe certain rules, even if one is not in the mood. Behavioural sociologists determined from actual observation how ironclad these rules are, unwritten though they may be: "Once the proclamation is made that rounds have begun, it is incumbent upon the members of a group to participate regardless of individual preferences. One cannot demand that they pay for one's own drink and one's own drink only. If one of the members of the group must leave immediately after their first drink, they will usually state that they will stand the first round, being unavailable to stand any subsequent round. Although paying for more drinks than he will be consuming during the course of his stay may be economically unfair to him, it is required that either the other participants in the group accept his offer or that some other member volunteer to take the first round and allow the soon-to-be-departing member's drink to be defined as a gift drink. For example, if one member requests the first round because he must leave and his offer is declined, it is typically declined by someone saying, 'No, let me get the first round, and I'll treat you to a drink.' Once rounds have begun, each member of the group in turn is obligated to stand at least one round. Thus, if a group is composed of four members, rounds must continue for at least four drinks, after which another set of rounds may begin or the participants may begin purchasing their drinks on an individual basis. When rounds have started, the original
group members typically remain together, at least until they have purchased their round, since each member of the group is obligated to purchase one round. Sometimes a member of the original group who has stood their round will move to some other part of the bar, but members of the original group who are yet to stand a round must still include that member even though he or she is no longer physically part of the group. And the defector, in turn, must at least by gesture acknowledge each subsequent drink received from the group, thus maintaining social contact at least until the termination of the rounds." 

The above-mentioned study Mass Observation notes how far, indeed how deep into realms of the unconscious, the feeling of fraternity within a group of drinkers extends. Members of rounds will empty their glasses almost at the same time, and often the levels of the liquid in the glasses will vary by no more than half an inch. The variations are most marked when the glasses are less than half full. They begin at the same time and finish at the same, or almost the same, time. The study relates an impressive example of this telepathic sense of community by reporting about a group of four men of whom one is blind. All sit at a table and order their beer. As soon as the glasses are served, they all raise them to their lips and drink for about four seconds, each returning his glass to the table at the same time. Each, including the blind man, has emptied exactly a quarter of the glass. The next few times they drink in shorter gulps, sometimes the blind man first, sometimes the other three, without any noticeable pattern. But, at the end, they all finish their drinks with a variation of between a quarter and a half inch of beer remaining. 

 The rules and rituals that accompany drinking in a bar or pub survive in our modern civilization as relics from a long-forgotten age. The public house or bar, in fact, may be termed a sort of preserve, in which archaic behavior patterns that have all but vanished from other spheres of life are kept alive. To fully understand the meaning of drinking rituals, one must recall these age-old modes of conduct, mechanisms, and rituals, and their social function. This archaic practice which is perpetuated in drinking rituals is known in anthropology as a potlatch. The potlatch is a kind of sacrificial offering, not to the divinity, but to other human beings. In the potlatch valuable objects are either destroyed in the presence of members of another tribe (a destruction potlatch) or given to them (a gift potlatch). From a modern, rationalistic point of view this process seems senseless, but for primitive societies it has, as the French anthropologist and sociologist Marcel Mauss discovered, an absolutely central social importance: "The motive for these excessive gifts and this reckless consumption, the senseless loss and destruction of property is in no way unselfishly motivated. Among chieftains, vassals, and followers a hierarchy is established by means of these gifts. Giving is a way of demonstrating one's superiority, of showing that one is greater, that one stands higher . . .; to accept, without reciprocating or giving more in return, means subordinating oneself, becoming a vassal and follower, sinking deeper."

Even today traces survive of this original sense of gift giving. Anyone who gives a gift, treats, or invites another is the superior and more powerful person. The recipient, of course, has the advantage of receiving something of value without paying for it; but on the other hand the recipient does pay for it, precisely by being left the passive receiver. For this reason it is mostly children and women—those who in our society personify powerlessness and passivity—who are given gifts. The German expression for reciprocating a gift, sich revanchieren, contains a word closely linked to "revenge," a reminder that every gift basically entails an assault on the autonomy of the receiver. This is exactly what Nietzsche, that great unmasker of fair appearances, meant by calling gratitude a form of revenge: expressing thanks when one has received a favor or a present gives an immaterial counterpresent, so to speak, a formula by which the recipient attempts to neutralize or, more accurately, to avenge, the incursion into their existence the gift represents. 

 Yet these are only lingering traces of the older meaning that gift giving, gift receiving, and the exchange of presents once had. With the capitalist principle of exchange, this mechanism has generally lost its power in our daily lives. 

It is only in the context of alcohol drinking that it still survives with any degree of vigour. In a sense, the bar is a thoroughly archaic place, with more than mere vestiges, hints, or sublimations of what once was clinging to it. Here the genuine article lives on: drinkers sharing rounds are participants in a potlatch. With the instinctive sureness of migratory birds they follow the rules and rituals of offering and reciprocating, without an inkling of their ancient origins. Assisting them in this, of course, is the alcohol itself, around which everything revolves. It washes away the newer, "civilized" levels of consciousness, exposing the archaic level where intoxication, fraternity, and competition merge as spontaneously as they might have in a drinking bout five hundred, a thousand, or three thousand years ago. 



(From Chapter 6 of Tastes of ParadiseA Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants)

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