THE BATTLE OF DAN-NO-URA

In the stories concerning Yoshitsune and his loyal retainer Benkei we have already referred to the battle of Dan-no-ura, the last conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans. In this great sea-fight the Taira perished, including their infant emperor, Antoku-tenno. Thus is the memorable scene described in the Heike Monogatari, translated by Dr. W. G. Aston (the empress drowning herself in the ocean, with her only son and heir in her arms):

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"'This world is the region of sorrow, a remote spot small as a grain of millet. But beneath the waves there is the Pure Land of Perfect Happiness. Thither it is that I am taking you.' With such words she soothed him. The child then tied his top-knot to the Imperial robe of the colour of a mountain-dove, and tearfully joined together his lovely little hands. First he turned to the East, and bade adieu to the shrine of the Great God of Ise and the shrine of Hachiman. Next he turned to the West, and called upon the name of Buddha. When he had done so, Niidono made bold to take him in her arms, and sank down to the bottom one thousand fathoms deep."

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It is said that for seven hundred years after this great battle the sea and coast in the vicinity have been haunted by the ghosts of the Taira clan. Mysterious fires shone on the waves, and the air was filled with the noise of warfare. In order to pacify the unfortunate spirits the temple of Amidaji was built at Akamagaséki, and a cemetery was made close by, in which were various
 monuments inscribed with the names of the drowned Emperor and his principal followers. This temple and cemetery pacified the ghostly visitants to a certain extent, but from time to time many strange things happened, as we shall gather from the following legend.

There once lived at the Amidaji temple a blind priest named Hōïchi. He was famous for his recitation and for his marvellous skill in playing upon the biwa (a four-stringed lute), and he was particularly fond of reciting stories in connection with the protracted war between the Taira and Minamoto clans.

One night Hōïchi was left alone in the temple, and as it was a very warm evening he sat out on the verandah, playing now and again upon his biwa. While thus occupied he heard some one approaching, some one stepping across the little back garden of the temple. Then a deep voice cried out from below the verandah: "Hōïchi!" Yet again the voice sounded: "Hōïchi!"

Hōïchi, now very much alarmed, replied that he was blind, and would be glad to know who his visitor might be.

"My lord," began the stranger, "is now staying at Akamagaséki with many noble followers, and he has come for the purpose of viewing the scene of the battle of Dan-no-ura. He has heard how excellently you recite the story of the conflict, and has commanded me to escort you to him in order that you may show him your skill. Bring your biwa and follow me. My lord and his august assembly now await your honourable presence."

Hōïchi, deeming that the stranger was some noble samurai, obeyed immediately. He donned his sandals and took his biwa. The stranger guided him with an iron hand, and they marched along very quickly. Hōïchi heard the clank of armour at his side; but all
 fear left him, and he looked forward to the honour of showing his skill before a distinguished company.

Arriving at a gate, the stranger shouted: "Kaimon!" Immediately the gate was unbarred and opened, and the two men passed in. Then came the sound of many hurrying feet, and a rustling noise as of screens being opened. Hōïchi was assisted in mounting a number of steps, and, arriving at the top, he was commanded to leave his sandals. A woman then led him forward by the hand till he found himself in a vast apartment, where he judged that a great company of people were assembled. He heard the subdued murmur of voices and the soft movement of silken garments. When Hōïchi had seated himself on a cushion the woman who had led him bade him recite the story of the great battle of Dan-no-ura.

Hōïchi began to chant to the accompaniment of his biwa. His skill was so great that the strings of his instrument seemed to imitate the sound of oars, the movement of ships, the shouting of men, the noise of surging waves, and the whirring of arrows. A low murmur of applause greeted Hōïchi's wonderful performance. Thus encouraged, he continued to sing and play with even greater skill. When he came to chant of the perishing of the women and children, the plunge of Niidono into the sea with the infant Emperor in her arms, the company began to weep and wail.

When the performance was over the woman who had led Hōïchi told him that her lord was well pleased with his skill, and that he desired him to play before him for the six following nights. "The retainer," added she, "who brought you to-night will visit your temple at the same hour to-morrow. You must keep these visits secret, and may now return to your abode."

Once more the woman led Hōïchi through the apartment,
 and having reached the steps the same retainer led him back to the verandah at the back of the temple where he lived.

The next night Hōïchi was again led forth to entertain the assembly, and he met with the same success. But this time his absence was detected, and upon his return his fellow priest questioned him in regard to the matter. Hōïchi evaded his friend's question, and told him that he had merely been out to attend some private business.

His questioner was by no means satisfied. He regretted Hōïchi's reticence and feared that there was something wrong, possibly that, the blind priest had been bewitched by evil spirits. He bade the men-servants keep a strict watch upon Hōïchi, and to follow him if he should again leave the temple during the night.

Once more Hōïchi left his abode. The men-servants hastily lit their lanterns and followed him with all speed; but though they walked quickly, looked everywhere, and made numerous inquiries, they failed to discover Hōïchi, or learn anything concerning him. On their return, however, they were alarmed to hear the sound of a biwa in the cemetery of the temple, and on entering this gloomy place they discovered the blind priest. He sat at the tomb of Antoku Tenno, the infant Emperor, where he twanged his biwa loudly, and as loudly chanted the story of the battle of Dan-no-ura. About him on every side mysterious fires glowed, like a great gathering of lighted candles.

"Hōïchi! Hōïchi!" shouted the men. "Stop your playing at once! You are bewitched, Hōïchi!" But the blind priest continued to play and sing, rapt, it seemed, in a strange and awful dream.

The men-servants now resorted to more extreme] measures. They shook him, and shouted in his ear: "Hōïchi, come back with us at once!"

The blind priest rebuked them, and said that such an interruption would not be tolerated by the noble assembly about him.

The men now dragged Hōïchi away by force. When he reached the temple his wet clothes were taken off and food and drink set before him.

By this time Hōïchi's fellow priest was extremely angry, and he not unjustly insisted upon a full explanation of his extraordinary behaviour. Hōïchi, after much hesitation, told his friend all that had happened to him. When he had narrated his strange adventures, the priest said:

"My poor fellow! You ought to have told me this before. You have not been visiting a great house of a noble lord, but you have been sitting in yonder cemetery before the tomb of Antoku-tenno. Your great skill has called forth the ghosts of the Taira clan. Hōïchi, you are in great danger, for by obeying these spirits you have assuredly put yourself in their power, and sooner or later they will kill you. Unfortunately I am called away to-night to perform a service, but before I go I will see that your body is covered with sacred texts."

Before night approached Hōïchi was stripped, and upon his body an acolyte inscribed, with writing-brushes, the text of the sutra known as Hannya-Shin-Kyō. These texts were written upon Hōïchi's chest, head, back, face, neck, legs, arms, and feet, even upon the soles thereof.

Then the priest said: "Hōïchi, you will be called again to-night. Remain silent, sit very still, and continually meditate. If you do these things no harm will befall you."

That night Hōïchi sat alone in the verandah, scarcely moving a muscle and breathing very softly.

Once more he heard the sound of footsteps. "Hōïchi!" cried a deep voice. But the blind priest made no answer. He sat very still, full of a great fear.

His name was called over and over again, but to no effect. "This won't do," growled the stranger. "I must see where the fellow is." The stranger sprang into the verandah and stood beside Hōïchi, who was now shaking all over with the horror of the situation.

"Ah!" said the stranger. "This is the biwa, but in place of the player I see—only two ears! Now I understand why he did not answer. He has no mouth, only his two ears! Those ears I will take to my lord!"

In another moment Hōïchi's ears were torn off, but in spite of the fearful pain the blind priest remained mute. Then the stranger departed, and when his footsteps had died away the only sound Hōïchi heard was the trickling of blood upon the verandah, and thus the priest found the unfortunate man upon his return.

"Poor Hōïchi!" cried the priest. "It is all my fault. I trusted my acolyte to write sacred texts on every part of your body. He failed to do so on your ears. I ought to have seen that he carried out my instructions properly. However, you will never be troubled with those spirits in future." From that day the blind priest was known as Mimi-nashi-Hōïchi, "Hōïchi-the-Earless."

“Today’s battle is our last,” the commander-in-chief told the men on the ship’s deck. “Remember your honor and fight to the end. What more do we have to live for?”

And indeed it was their last.

No family in all Japan had held greater power than the Heike, or had risen to it so swiftly. But their fall had been even swifter. Chased from the capital, Kyoto, they had been hounded for nearly two years. And now the remnant of the clan and its loyal samurai warriors were arrayed in boats and ships off the coast at Dan-no-ura, ready for their final stand against an enemy fleet.

As arrows flew and swords whirled, as dead and wounded samurai fell in the boats or dropped in the sea, the doom of the Heike grew clear. Then the clansmen, dressed in full armor, jumped into the waves, drowning themselves rather than fall into enemy hands.

One ship bore the child emperor and the court ladies. When the emperor’s grandmother saw that the end was near, she took the emperor in her arms and declared, “Woman though I am, I will not let the enemy lay hands on me. I will go where the emperor must go.”

“Where are you taking me, Grandmother?” asked the puzzled boy.

Fighting tears, she told him, “Away from this world of sorrow, to a happier one. Another capital lies beneath the waves.”

And hugging him closely, she plunged into the sea.

* * *

The twanging notes of a biwa drifted over the temple garden in the hot summer night.

Sitting cross-legged on the veranda, softly plucking the strings of the lute, was a blind young man named Hoichi. He was dressed in the robe of a Buddhist priest, and his head was shaved like one—but he was not a priest. He was a bard, one of the many blind bards who for centuries had kept alive the tale of the Heike.

Sometime around midnight, unable to sleep in the heat, Hoichi had come out in the evening air, with his biwa to keep him company. As he played, he thought about the weeks since his coming to live at the temple at Akama. How lucky he was that the priest had invited him! As talented as Hoichi was, he was just starting his career. So he was grateful he no longer had to worry about food or lodging.

Then too there was the honor and thrill of residing in a temple so closely linked to the Heike. Dan-no-ura, the place of their final battle, was just at the edge of town. And it was to appease the restless Heike spirits that the townspeople had built this temple, along with a cemetery nearby, where the priest held services in front of Heike memorial tombs. As for the spirits themselves, they no longer caused too much trouble. But they still showed themselves on dark nights, appearing as small, ghostly flames that hovered over sea and sand. “Demon-fires,” they were called.

Hoichi’s old teacher had told him, “To perform the tale of the Heike, you must know the Heike well.” And where better to come to know them than the temple at Akama?

Hearing something, Hoichi stopped his playing and listened. Through the night came footsteps, measured by a steady clank, clank—the sound of armor.

A samurai coming to the temple, thought Hoichi. What could he want at this hour?

The footsteps moved through the back gate of the temple and across the garden. Clank, clank. They were coming straight toward him! As the young man’s heart beat faster, the footsteps halted before the veranda.

“Hoichi!”

“Sir!” replied the young man. Then he added, “Please, sir, I am blind. I cannot see who you are.”

“You have nothing to fear,” said the voice. “My master, a lord of high rank, is lodging nearby. He came to visit Dan-no-ura, the scene of the famous battle. Now he hears of your talent in reciting the tale of the Heike. He wishes you to come at once to perform for himself and his attendants.”

“I am most honored,” said Hoichi.

The young man slung his biwa on his back and slipped into his straw sandals. Then his arm was clasped in a grip of iron, and he was led rapidly away.

They started down the road to town, then turned toward the shore. Where could we be going? thought Hoichi. A great lord cannot stay on the beach!

But before long they stopped, and the samurai called “Open!” The young man heard the sounds of a large double-door gate swinging wide. How strange, thought Hoichi. I know nothing of a great house here.

They crossed a large yard, mounted some steps, removed their sandals, and passed through another door. Then Hoichi was led down long walkways of polished wooden floors, around many corners, and across wide rooms carpeted with straw matting.

At last they entered what Hoichi could tell was a huge room filled by a great company. Silk robes rustled like leaves in a forest, and the air hummed with a multitude of soft voices.

Hoichi was led forward to a cushion on the floor, and the iron grip withdrew from his arm. The young man kneeled and set down his biwa, then bowed to the lord he knew must be seated before him.

“Hoichi.” The stern voice of an old woman came from slightly to the left. The rest of the room fell silent. “You will now recite for us the tale of the Heike.”

“It is my honor,” said Hoichi, bowing again. “But the tale of the Heike takes many nights to perform in full. Which portion do you wish to hear tonight?”

There was a pause, and Hoichi sensed a tension in the room. Then a man’s deep voice came from slightly to the right.

“Recite the tale of the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Of all tales, it is the most poignant.”

Hoichi bowed once more, sat cross-legged, took up his biwa, and tuned it. Then taking his large pick made of horn, he began to play.

Never had Hoichi played better than before this great company. In the tones of his biwa were the roar of the sea, the whistling of arrows, the crashing of boats, the clanking of armor, the clanging of swords, the cries of fierce warriors.

And then Hoichi’s voice lifted in chant. He sang of the gathering of forces at the scene of battle, the formal first exchange of arrows, the words of the commander-in-chief. He sang of the initial advances of the Heike, still hopeful, then the turning of the tide against them and the desertion of many supporters. He sang of the Heike clansmen holding fast to extra armor, even boat anchors, to speed their journey to the bottom of the sea.

At first the listeners were quiet, almost unnaturally so. But as the performance went on, they seemed to grow restless, anxious. Hoichi heard little exclamations, sounds of men weeping. Never have I affected an audience so deeply, thought Hoichi proudly. Encouraged by this, he performed even more brilliantly, even more movingly.

But as he began to sing of the emperor’s grandmother—her taking the boy in her arms, the words she spoke to him—the cries and weeping grew louder, until Hoichi became uneasy. And when he sang of their leap into the waters, the company burst out in such wild wailing that Hoichi was frightened.

What has aroused them so? he wondered. Can my performance alone have done this?

Hoichi finished, and the noise in the room slowly subsided. Somewhere in front, a boy’s quiet whimpering faded away.

“Hoichi,” said the old woman, “we had heard high praise for your playing and reciting. But never did we imagine such skill as you have displayed. Our lord will remain here two more nights. You must come each night at the same hour and perform the tale again. And be assured, on the last night you will be well rewarded.”

“Thank you!” said Hoichi, bowing again.

“But be warned,” continued the woman. “Our lord does not wish his presence here known. Tell no one of your coming!”

The iron grip fell again on Hoichi’s arm and led him quickly back the way he had come.

* * *

No one had seen Hoichi leave the temple. But the priest, returning after midnight from a service he had performed, happened to enter by the back gate, and he noticed that Hoichi’s sandals were gone from the veranda steps. Checking inside, he found that the young man was not in his room.

Where could he be, so late? he wondered.

The next morning, when the priest rose, he checked again, and found Hoichi on his sleeping mat, deep asleep. Hours later, a servant reported that the young man was up at last, and the priest sent for him.

“Hoichi, you’ve worried me. You were out very late, and none of the servants knows anything about it. Why would you go out like that on your own?”

“It was nothing,” said Hoichi. “Just a little business I had to attend to. Please don’t concern yourself.”

But the young man’s answer worried the priest still more. It was not like Hoichi to be secretive.

Later he told one of the servants, “Keep a lookout tonight. If Hoichi leaves again, follow and see where he goes.”

* * *

That night, the servant kept watch on Hoichi’s room from a far corner of the garden. Clouds covered the moon, and it began to drizzle. The servant huddled under a tree, but the rain grew heavier.

“It’s almost midnight,” grumbled the man. “He won’t leave so late, and not in this rain! I’m going to bed.”

But just then he saw Hoichi come out of his room with his biwa and sit on the covered veranda. “What’s he up to?” mumbled the servant.

Hoichi sat for a long time, softly playing the biwa. Then he stopped and seemed to listen to something. All at once, he stiffened and called out, “Sir!”

The puzzled servant looked around. “Who does he think he’s talking to?”

He saw Hoichi rise, sling his biwa on his back, slip into his sandals, and come down the steps. The young man did not even seem to notice the rain. Walking more briskly than a blind man should, he crossed the garden and passed through the gate.

The servant rushed inside and grabbed a lantern. But by the time he got out to the road, Hoichi was already out of sight. The rain was now falling in sheets.

“Hoichi! Hoichi!” He hurried toward town, expecting to catch up any minute. But he didn’t see a soul.

“How could he move so quickly? I’d better find him, or the priest will be furious!”

The servant reached town still without seeing Hoichi. He knocked on the doors of every house and establishment he could remember the young man visiting. But all he got for his efforts were the curses of those he awakened.

“It’s no use,” he told himself. “I’ve tried everywhere.”

He started back to the temple, walking this time by way of the shore. But then, amid the howling of the wind and the beating of the rain, he heard the tones of a biwa and a voice raised in chant.

“It’s him!” he cried, and he hurried toward the sounds. . . .

* * *

Once more Hoichi sat amid the noble company. Once more his biwa and his voice brought to life the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Once more came the little outbursts, the sounds of weeping, growing louder, more anguished, more fervent, until . . .

“Hoichi!”

What’s this? thought Hoichi. It sounds like one of the temple servants! But what is he doing here? And how could he think of interrupting me like that?

Hoichi kept playing, kept singing. The emperor’s grandmother, taking the boy in her arms, stepping to the edge of the ship . . .

“Hoichi! Hoichi!”

The voice was in his ear, and a hand was on his shoulder, shaking him.

The listeners in the room had grown strangely quiet. Hoichi kept playing his biwa, but said in a low, desperate voice, “Are you out of your mind? I am performing for this noble company. Go away, or you will bring disaster on us both!”

“Hoichi, you are bewitched! There is no noble company. You are sitting in the rain, here in the cemetery of the Heike. In front of you are the memorial tombs of the emperor, his grandmother, and the commander-in-chief. And all around you are hundreds of demon-fires!”

“What are you talking about?” said Hoichi. “I am in a palace, performing for a great lord!”

The servant did not argue further. Much bigger than Hoichi, he slipped an arm across the young man’s chest and hauled him off the muddy ground.

“Stop!” cried Hoichi, struggling against the grasp. “Please! Leave me alone! You’ll ruin everything!”

Ignoring both pleading and struggling, the servant dragged him toward the cemetery gate.

* * *

The priest looked with concern on the pale, downcast figure before him.

“Hoichi, I’m glad you have finally trusted me enough to explain yourself. And I hope you now understand that it was not for a great lord you performed the tale of the Heike, but for the spirits of the Heike themselves.”

“I understand,” said Hoichi softly.

“Good,” said the priest. “Then you should also understand that the only ‘reward’ they would give you would be to tear your body to pieces—to give you the ‘honor’ of joining them forever. You are in great danger, my friend. The samurai will surely come again this third night. And if you go with him this time, you will not return.”

The young man trembled.

“None of us here,” said the priest, “could oppose this ghostly warrior. But I have thought of a way to save you. To make it work, you’ll need great courage and strength of will. Are you willing to try?”

“I am,” said Hoichi.

On the priest’s request, the young man stripped off his clothes. Then the priest took a brush and ink and began to write on Hoichi’s body.

“I am inscribing on you a passage from sacred scripture. When the holy text covers every part of your body—from the top of your head to the soles of your feet—you will be invisible to the spirits. Tonight, when the samurai calls you, sit still and do not make a sound. He will not be able to find you. When he leaves without you, you’ll be free from danger for good.”

At last the priest finished writing. “I’m afraid I now have a duty I cannot avoid. I must hurry out to perform a service in a nearby village, and I won’t be back till very late. But if you do just as I have told you, you’ll be perfectly safe. Good luck, my friend.”

* * *

That night, a little before midnight, Hoichi stepped from his room and sat on the veranda. His biwa lay in his lap, but he did not play it. He sat still, trying to calm the beat of his heart.

At last he heard it—clank, clank. Through the back gate—clank, clank. Across the garden—clank, clank. Before the veranda—clank.

“Hoichi!”

The young man caught at his breath and forced himself not to reply.

“Hoichi!!”

He tried to stop shaking.

“Hoichi!!!”

His hands clenched, as he willed himself not to faint.

“Hm,” said the voice in front of him. “I see the biwa. But of the bard I see nothing.”

The footsteps moved onto the veranda and circled partway around him.

“Nothing, that is, except two ears.”

Two ears? How can he see my ears?

The steps moved directly behind him. “A bard with no hands or mouth will hardly serve my lord. Still, I must show I have followed orders as best I can. I had better take the ears.”

Hoichi froze in terror. He felt two hands clamp his ears in an iron grip and . . .

* * *

Later that night, the priest returned from the nearby village. Anxious to check on Hoichi, he entered by the back gate and crossed the garden. Then he stopped in horror.

“Hoichi!” he cried. He rushed to the veranda. “My dear friend, what have they done?”

There lay Hoichi, still and silent, his head resting in a pool of blood.

The young man was alive, but barely. The priest himself bandaged the wounds and sat all night by Hoichi’s mat.

It was late morning before Hoichi stirred. Almost at once, he reached up to the sides of his head and touched the cloth that was wound over and around.

The eyes of the priest filled with tears. “My friend, I’m so sorry. It was all my fault, my terrible, terrible fault. I thought I had covered your body completely with the sacred writing. But in my haste to leave, I forgot to write on your ears!”

* * *

Hoichi recovered, and as time went on, prospered as well. Word of his adventure spread, and many curious lords and ladies traveled great distances to hear him play and recite. So he gained both fame and wealth.

What’s more, Hoichi’s encounter gave his performance a depth achieved by few others. For, as his teacher had told him, “To perform the tale of the Heike, you must know the Heike well.”

And who would care to know them better than the man called Hoichi the Earless?

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About the Story

The Tale of the Heike is a chronicle of the twelfth-century rise and fall of the Heike clan, climaxing in the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. This chronicle is considered one of the two greatest Japanese literary works, and the most influential of all. Scenes and characters from the work have appeared in novels, stories, songs, classical theater, puppet plays, storytelling texts, movies, and television shows.

The work in its earliest form was created in the early thirteenth century, possibly by a retired court scholar named Yukinaga. Composed in poetic prose rather than verse, it was originally intended as written literature, but it was quickly embraced by the blind bards of Japan. These bards were called biwa hoshi (BEE-wuh HO-shee), “lute priests,” because they dressed in the robes of Buddhist priests and accompanied themselves on the four-stringed Japanese lute called biwa.

In the hands of the biwa hoshi, The Tale of the Heike was adapted for oral performance, and much material was added. A standardized version was finally dictated in 1371 by the great bard Kakuichi. For a century after that, biwa hoshi recital of The Tale of the Heike was considered the highest of all Japanese performing arts. It remained popular up to the early twentieth century, and a few biwa hoshi still perform today.