Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta magical realism. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta magical realism. Mostrar todas las entradas

martes, 20 de junio de 2023

SYMBOLISM IN GUILLERMO DEL TORO'S PINOCCHIO FILM

SYMBOLISM IN GUILLERMO DEL TORO'S PINOCCHIO FILM

  • Long noses are associated with lies, hence why Pinocchio's nose grows when he does so. Conte Volpe's (Count Fox's, the Ringmaster's) nose is very long, signifying that he's a major liar throughout.
  • While Pleasure Island is adapted out in favor of a Fascist Ghostapo/cadet camp, when Allied war planes arrives to bomb the camp, the child soldiers and cadets including Candlewick (Lampwick) are forced to wear gas-masks, that give them a donkey-like face.
  • The Podestà's (Candlewick's father's, village Fascist leader's) Karmic Death sees him tangled in a net during the bombing of his camp, which causes him to resemble a marionette tangled in its strings - a demonstration that the iron-fisted control he tried to exert over Pinocchio and the child soldiers and cadets has come back to bite him.
  • At the beginning of the film, Geppetto's Jesus Christ sculpture/crucifix in the village church is unfinished, missing its left arm. When Pinocchio comes back to life at the end, he's missing his left arm as well.
  • The Blue Fairy that brings Pinocchio to life is replaced with a Biblically-accurate angel with six wings full of eyeballs, but it is still heavenly blue.
  • Death is portrayed as a black winged sphinx, with countless eyeballs on its wings like a Biblically-accurate angel and a forked tail like some depictions of Cerberus, voiced by the same actress as the Blue Angel (Tilda Swinton).
  • Death is assisted in the afterlife by four (number of death in Asian cultures) psychopomps, portrayed as skeletal pallbearer anthropomorphic black rabbits with exposed ribcages.
En la película de Guillermo del Toro de Pinocho, Cate Blanchett le pone la voz al mono. 🐒 Ya que el mono es macho y tan feo y sólo hace sonidos de mono, quién lo diría?
Ewan McGregor es Sebastián Grillo 🦗
Christoph Waltz es el Conte Volpe (conde Zorro 🦊, el dueño del circo)
Tilda Swinton es tanto el Ángel Azul como la Muerte, que aparece como una esfinge negra. Tilda Swinton interpreta ambos papeles.
Pinocho de Guillermo del Toro... La ambientación italiana fascista recuerda a que este cineasta suele ambientar sus mejores películas en dictaduras fascistas / totalitarismos e introducir elementos mágicos. Como la España franquista del Laberinto del Fauno o (sustituyendo fascismo por maccarthyismo) la Florida de La Forma del Agua - es realismo mágico

martes, 19 de noviembre de 2019

HOW TO ESCAPE A "CHIVALROUS" LIEUTENANT

A skinny brag in a long brown coat stood by himself at the bar, looking down at an untouched drink. He was one of the youngest men here. Aster was just about to approach him when another girl reached him first, leaning easy against the counter. 
Damn it. 
Aster turned away, searching desperately for someone else she could corner. Then, she spotted him: a man hovering alone by the piano, near enough the front door that Dex was sure to come running at her distraction. The brag wore the faded gray uniform of the Arkettan forces. Glory to the Reckoning, the words beneath his stripes said—the national motto. Like lawmen, armymen were offered a reduced price at welcome houses. They were always eager to find someone to listen to their stories about the dustblood rebels they’d helped capture. 
Aster started towards him, slicing through the crowd. 
“Looks like you could use some company,” she said, slipping in at his side and trailing her fingers along his arm. Aster was never usually this forward, and for the first time she found herself wishing she had Violet’s skill in effortless flirting. 
The armyman squared up, his eyes glassy and unfocused from too much drink. “And what’s your name, miss?” he asked thickly. 
“I’m called Aster. See?” she teased, turning to show off her favour. She managed a sweeping glance of the room as she did so, but there was still no sign of Violet. She swallowed around the knot in her throat. 
“Well, Lieutenant Carney, at your service, Aster,” the armyman introduced himself, clumsily tipping his slouch hat. He eyed her up and down slowly, a half grin spreading across his face. A daybreak girl passed by with a tray of bright cocktails. He swiped two. 
“Sweet drink for a sweet girl?” he asked. 
Aster thanked him demurely, taking the glass. She looked past him to the stairs. Where was Violet? 
And then Aster spotted her, swaggering down the steps with surprising confidence. Her long hair had been tucked away underneath the brag’s hat, her feminine figure hidden by his knee-length coat. She’d wrapped his silk dustkerchief around the bottom half of her face. But it wasn’t these things that made her look the part. It was the way she carried herself, the natural authority and obvious sense of entitlement. She showed none of the fear that she surely felt. 
Aster’s blood raced. She wet her lips. 
“Wander well,” Carney said to her cheerfully, raising his glass in a toast. 
She turned to the armyman, fighting to keep her calm. “Wander well,” she replied with a forced smile, and she drained her drink in three swallows. 
The alcohol lit a fire down her throat, sticky sweetness burning on her tongue. She coughed violently. Braced herself against Carney’s shoulder as her head spun. 
Carney rubbed her back, laughing. Her skin crawled at his touch. 
“Easy!” he said with disbelief. “You dustblood girls really are tough as drygrass.” 
“Well, we aim to impress, Lieutenant,” she replied airily. “Though I’ll confess I’m feeling a bit faint now.” She straightened up but let herself sway where she stood. 
“Nothing a chaser won’t fix,” Carney said with too much eagerness. 
Aster looked past him again. Violet had made it to the foyer. She was next in line to leave. 
Carney persisted. “Here, I’ll take you to the bar—” 
“Don’t trouble yourself,” Aster said quickly. “I just need to sit for a spell.” She took a few wobbly steps, let out a dramatic wail, and collapsed to the floor. The piano music cut off. A collective gasp went up around the room. 
Aster remained on the floor, eyes closed, as chaos erupted around her. A jumble of voices filled the air: girls calling her name, a man calling for help. The floor vibrated under her cheek with the thumps of footsteps as a crowd gathered. She could hear Mother Fleur pushing through them and apologizing for the disturbance. The smell of cigar smoke in the rug turned her stomach. 
“Keep back, she’s with me,” Carney ordered. 
Aster fluttered her eyes open. A tangle of legs stood between her and the front door, but she could just make out Violet, striding outside. Dex was lumbering towards the growing crowd, forcing calm upon the guests with his mental influence. Aster’s relief, however, was her own. 
Violet had made it out. 
Then a cold realization trickled down Aster’s spine, chilling her brief rush of triumph: What if Violet simply ran away? What if she didn’t wheel the cart around for the rest of them, just used the brag’s hand to make her escape and leave them for dead? Maybe she’d only wanted to use them, maybe that had been her plan all along. 
No choice now but to see this through. 
Aster looked up at Dex, whose lip curled to reveal yellowed teeth, and Mother Fleur, whose mouth smiled but whose eyes flashed with fury. Aster’s sloppy behavior would reflect poorly on the welcome house. Normally that would mean she’d spend tomorrow having her mind pulled apart by one of the raveners. 
But by this time tomorrow, Aster would either be free or dead. 
“Are you all right, Aster?” Mother Fleur asked, her voice dripping with false concern. 
Aster took Carney’s hand and stood up slowly. “I’m fine now, ma’am. Just got a little lightheaded. Sorry for causing a stir.” She didn’t have to fake the quaver in her voice. “I think I had better retire for the night, though, with your permission.” 
“Of course,” Mother Fleur replied. “And the lieutenant here would like to come along and make sure you’re okay, and spend a little time with you.” She turned towards the brag and smiled. “The Aster Room is at the end of the hall on the right.” 
Carney stepped in closer as the rest of the crowd began to dissipate. 
Aster’s panic doubled. “Actually, I’m not sure—” she began. “Don’t worry, I’ll look after you,” he promised. He draped his arm around her and guided her towards the stairs. 
Aster’s heart thudded against her ribcage. This wasn’t part of the plan. She couldn’t bring him into her room. Clementine and the others were probably climbing out of the window right now. Or, if Violet had abandoned them, they were trapped there with no escape. 
She made herself stumble on the first step. 
“Careful, now,” Carney said. “Don’t want you taking another nasty tumble.” 
“Seems I’m too weak to go upstairs just yet,” Aster demurred. She’d hoped to stall for a moment, give everyone time to get out, but Carney simply scooped her up and started up the stairs. 
“No problem at all,” he said gallantly. 
Aster mouthed a curse. Of course acting helpless would only encourage him. 
He smiled down at her as he continued to talk, and Aster began to feel ill in earnest. And then there was the usual fear, too, the one that took hold of Aster every time she climbed these stairs with a brag. Bone-cold dread rose up to drown her. It didn’t matter that Carney seemed to think himself chivalrous. The end result was always the same. 
They reached the top of the stairs. Carney set her down. Aster made a slow gallows walk to the end of the hall. She drew in a tight breath as she wrapped her hand around the knob. 
Please, by the Veil, don’t let me find anyone behind this door. Let them have escaped. Please. 
She opened the door. 
And exhaled. The room was empty, the window open. She strolled over to it, pretending to simply close the curtains. She glanced down and saw the hay cart waiting below. 
Clementine had gotten out. They’d all gotten out. 
Then Carney closed the door behind him with a thud, dropping Aster’s heart. She couldn’t jump with him standing there right behind her. 
You’ll just have to fight him. Knock him out. 
A trained soldier? She didn’t like her chances. 
“Well, then, where should we start?” Carney asked, his words slurring slightly. He stepped in behind her and circled her waist with his meaty hands. 
Aster’s throat swelled. Her eyes burned. She could already feel herself sliding into that place of numb detachment where she went every night, her mind floating farther and farther away and leaving her body to fend for itself. Her breath was overloud in her ears, and her limbs grew so heavy she might as well have swallowed a whole week’s worth of Sweet Thistle. 
“I’m sure you’ve heard us all talk about Sweet Thistle before, Clementine,” Violet continued, “but words don’t really do justice to the feeling it gives you. It’s like letting your mind sink into a warm bath. Outside the welcome house there’re people clawing at each other for just a taste, but now that you’re a sundown girl you’ll get it every night. The cap is an eyedropper, see? One drop under the tongue will do. Mother Fleur will refill it for you every week.” 
Aster had only ever used her Sweet Thistle once, on her Lucky Night. She could understand why some girls liked it, but it left her limbs sluggish and her mind foggy in a way that had only made her feel more helpless, and the crushing hollowness it left the next morning had been worse than any natural hunger. Another dose would have sated it, but Aster knew that if she gave in, she’d be lost to Sweet Thistle for good. Even girls like Violet, who had only been taking it for a year, became fatigued and forgetful from its influence, and many of the older girls’ minds had melted away completely.
Sweet Thistle.
That’s it. 
“Let’s get you out of that dress. Help you breathe a little easier,” Carney said. She spun around to face him, still in his grasp. 
“There’s something I’ve been wanting to try for a while,” she murmured into his ear. “But I’m not sure you’re up for it.”
“Oh?” 
“Let me see if I can find it.” 
Aster disentangled herself and retreated to her vanity, where her small brown bottle of Sweet Thistle sat nestled among the jewelry and hairbrushes. 
She wet her lips, a flare of anger burning through the fog filling her mind. Every week, Mother Fleur had expected her to be grateful for this Sweet Thistle. Her parents had expected her to be grateful for this home. Lieutenant Carney probably expected her to be grateful for his restraint. As if any of those things changed what this place was, what it had almost done to Clementine. What it had already done to Aster and a thousand others. 
“You’re beautiful, you know,” Carney said idly. “Most of these dustblood girls . . .” He just shook his head. “But what else can a man expect from the Scab? Glad I found some good luck here after all.” 
I should crack a mirror over his head. 
Slit his throat with a shard of the glass. 
Let him bleed out like a pig.
But no, she couldn’t. She had to control her anger just as she controlled her fear. It was the only way she would make it out of here alive.
“What’ve you got there?” Carney continued. He had snuck up behind her, surprisingly light-footed. 
She swallowed and showed him the bottle of Sweet Thistle. “Just a little pick-me-up leftover from a former guest,” she said brightly. “Interested?” 
Carney raised an eyebrow. “What exactly does this pickme-up do?” 
“It’s an extract of a rare flower from the peaks of the mountains,” Aster lied. “Said to open your mind and senses and unlock your deepest potential for pleasure.” 
“That so?” 
She nodded. “Just a drop under your tongue. And the more you use, the stronger the effect. Not every man can handle it, though. Most can’t manage more than a dose or two. But an armyman such as yourself . . .” 
“Hand it over,” Carney said roughly. Aster obliged, watching, tensed, as he unscrewed the cap and ran the bottle under his nose. If he recognized the scent of Sweet Thistle, he would know Aster was playing him. But he just filled the dropper all the way to the top, opened his mouth, and emptied the liquid under his tongue. 
“See? No problem,” Carney said, his slur growing even more pronounced, the drug beginning to work its magic. “Now you just come over here and we can—we can—” 
He sat heavily on the bed, muttered a low curse, and fell back. Aster hurried to his side. His eyes were half open but unseeing, his words faint and incomprehensible. If he wasn’t already asleep, he would be soon. 
Aster moved quickly. 
She ran back to the window. The hay cart was still there, mercifully. And the sluggishness that had taken over her limbs just moments ago had lifted completely. Aster brimmed with energy, equal parts fear and anticipation. How many nights had she imagined an escape? It was finally happening. 
But not if she didn’t hurry. Every second she wasted was a second the other girls might be discovered in the stables. 
She lifted first one leg then the next out the window, the iron sill biting into her palms. She was certain that if she lingered even a moment, someone, something would come to stop her. A heartbeat later, she sat on the window ledge, legs dangling over open air. The distance between her feet and the hay cart seemed to yawn wider, now that the moment to jump was here. Go, she told herself. Jump
But instead Aster turned and looked over her shoulder— at the room that had been her prison for so long, at the man who would have used her like so many others already had. Nothing short of the death of a brag had given her this chance to escape, and she knew it was a chance that would come only this once. 
Aster made a decision right then. Even if it meant her life, she would never come back to this place or any place like it. 

Charlotte Nicole Davis 
(standalone girl-power-themed cattlepunk, just translated and released in Spain)

domingo, 10 de marzo de 2019

Variations on Coming of Age Fairy Tales

"What Her Mother Said" by Theodora Goss


Go, my child, through the forest
To your grandmother's house, in a glade
Where poppies with red mouths grow.

In this basket is an egg laid
Three days ago,
The three days our Lord lay sleeping,
Unspotted, from a white hen.
In this basket is also a skein,
Of wool, without stain,
Unspun. And a comb that the bees
Industriously filled
From the clover in the far pasture,
Unmown since the sun
Thawed it, last Spring.

If you can take it without breaking
Anything, I will give you
This ring.

Stay, child, and I'll give you this cap
To wear, so the forest creatures whose eyes
Blink from the undergrowth will be aware
That my love protects you. The creatures
Lurking beneath the trees,
Weasels and stoats and foxes, and worse
Than these.

And child, you must be wise
In the forest.

When the wolf finds you, remember:
Be courteous, but evasive. No answer
Is better than a foolish one.

If you stray from the path, know
That I strayed also. It is no great matter,
So long as you mark the signs:
Where moss grows on bark, where a robin
Builds her nest. The sun
Sailing west.

But do not stop to gather
The hawthorn flowers, nor yet
The red berries which so resemble
Coral beads. They are poisonous.
And do not stop to listen
To the reeds.

He must not be there first,
At your grandmother's house.

And when your grandmother serves you,
With a silver spoon, on a dish
Like a porcelain moon, Wolf Soup,
Remember to say your grace
Before you eat.

And know that I am pleased,
With you, my child.

But remember, when returning through the forest,
Kept warm against the night by a cloak
Of the wolf's pelt:
The hunter is also a wolf.


****************************************************

Persephone in Hades

Poppies have never been my favorite flowers.
Here they bloom all year long, if one can say
a year in Hades, where no seasons pass,
where summer never fades. Ironic, that—
a land of death where nothing ever dies.
I have almost forgotten how it feels
when snowflakes fall and melt against my cheeks,
when frost spreads her white veil across the landscape,
covering the hills, decorating the leaves
that rattle on the trees with intricate lace.
I miss that time of year when autumn fires
bloom in the household hearths. Here, no fires burn.
Instead, among the wheat, the poppies sway:
an endless field to drug men into sleep,
relieve their pains or worries for a while,
here, in this silent land where all are welcome.
As silent as my husband, Hades himself,
who sits all day in his library reading scrolls
lost to the world above us. “Why did you bring me
to this stagnant country,” I ask him, “if not to talk?
To sit and brood in a chair made out of bones,
or stare out the window at the unchanging garden,
in which only yew trees grow, and never speak?
Why abduct the daughter of Demeter?
Why not some other girl?” He shakes his head
and sighs. He would be handsome, if not so lost
in his own dreams. Or if he would trim his beard.
“I saw your hair lift in the wind,” he says,
“and thought of it blowing back against my face,
but there is no wind down here. I saw your mouth
and thought perhaps it would kiss me, or whisper poems
into my ears. Perhaps then I’d wake up
from this endless sleep, this abyss of timelessness.
I thought you might love me in time, forgetting that love
cannot live in this land.” He looks at me, frowning.
“You’ll never love me, will you, Persephone?”
“Not,” I say, “as long as you keep me here,
while above us frost and snow blanket the earth—
away from death, among the endless dead.”
“Yet how can I let you go?” His eyes plead with me,
I suppose to be forgiven or understood,
but I turn away, unsympathetic. He should
know better: you cannot have love on such terms.
Even the gods, selfish as children, know that.
It is useless, here, to count the days, and yet
a day will come, a day without a dawn,
when I will feel that ache within my chest,
as though a string were tied around my heart,
and know, with crocuses and hyacinths,
it’s time to push my way through the dark soil
into the sunlight, into my mother’s arms.
It’s time to blossom like the olive trees,
be born again into mortality
for a little while, laugh and shake water drops
from my hair, dance across the sunlit meadows
sprinkled with daisies and cornflowers, forget the land
of death and poppies, at least for a little while.
To forget, for a little while, the silent husband
who waits implacably at summer’s end.

*************************************************

Snow, Blood, Fur

She looks at herself in the full-length mirror of the bridal salon. She resembles a winter landscape, hills and hollows covered with snow, white and sparkling. She is the essence of purity, as though all that has ever blown through her is a chill wind. The veil falls and falls to her feet. She shivers.
"Are you cold, Rosie?" her mother asks.
She shakes her head, but she is cold, or rather she is Cold, a Snow Queen. If she breathed on the mirror, it would frost.
"Well, you look beautiful. Just beautiful. Nana would have been so proud."
When she gets home, she goes up to her bedroom and opens the closet door. In one corner, in a wooden toy box she has kept from her childhood, is the wolf skin. She puts it on, draping it around her shoulders, then steps into the closet, pulls the door closed behind her, and sits down beside a parade of high-heeled shoes.
It is dark, as dark as she imagines it must have been in the belly of the wolf.
Sometimes she still has nightmares.
She is walking through the forest. Pine needles and oak leaves crunch under her boots. Once in a while, blackberry bushes pull at her dress so she has to stop and untangle the canes. She is wearing the red cloak her grandmother knit and felted. In it, she looks like a Swiss girl, demure, flaxen-haired: a Christmas angel. Her grandmother gave it to her for her sixteenth birthday.
Suddenly, on the path ahead of her is the wolf. Dark fur, slavering red mouth. Sharp, pricked ears, yellow eyes as wild as undiscovered countries. Or it is a young man, a hunter by his clothing. He has a tweed cap on his head with a feather in it, and is carrying a rifle. When he sees her, he bows, although she cannot tell if he is serious or mocking.
"Aren't you afraid of the wolf, Mistress Rose? He has been seen in this forest. Perhaps I should escort you, wherever you might be going."
In her basket is a bottle of blackberry cordial, a small cake with currants. She is taking them to her grandmother, who has rheumatism. She has been told to beware wolves... and young men.
****************************************************
Her Mother's Ghosts
Her name is Ilona. The other children at school call her Smellona. She is not me, but I have been her. Here are the things I remember most clearly:

She lives in a townhouse in Washington D.C. with her mother and younger brother, whose bangs are always cut crooked. It is the seventies. She and her brother wear clothes they will later call hideous in photographs, but now, today, they are not hideous, because brown is still a respectable color. They are playing under the cherry trees. The blossoms are everywhere, lying on the asphalt in heaps like pink snow.
In the kitchen drawer are silver spoons, smuggled in socks, the sleeves of pajamas. They are heavy, dulled with use. They are older than her mother, her grandmother. One is much worse for having slipped into the garbage disposal. In the kitchen cabinet are margarine tubs, more than ten, perhaps more than twenty, washed clean, ready in case the world runs out of margarine tubs. Don't laugh. It could happen.

Since Ilona turned seven, she has been haunted by her mother's ghosts. Once, late at night, she saw a train conductor coming out of the bathroom.
"Do you have your visa?" he asked her.
She shook her head. She was in a pink nightgown, and her feet were bare. The floor was cold.
"Then you can't cross the border," he said, looking down at her sternly. "You'll have to get out here, and speak to the station master."
She nodded. She really needed to go to the bathroom, but she was afraid that if she tried to slip past him, he would grab her. Then she would scream, and her mother would wake up. She would have to explain that she had had a nightmare. She could never tell her mother that she had seen her ghosts.
Once, when she was sitting at the kitchen table doing her homework, a man in a green plaid suit said to her, "You can't go to medical school. You're not qualified."
She stared at his tie, which had a pattern of wheat sheaves and small tractors. His neck turned red. Above his mustache, his cheeks and nose also turned red.
"Why haven't you joined the Party?" he asked with barely suppressed rage. She had not known that a question could sound so angry. She was afraid he was going to slap her.
After he disappeared, she could not think about her homework. Instead, she went out to the back garden and sat on the bricks, staring at the ivy that grew up the sides of the house. Sometimes sparrows built nests there, among the leaves, and in the mornings, especially, the ivy cheeped and stirred. Last spring, one of the stray cats had brought a baby sparrow in to breakfast and laid it down on the linoleum, like a gift.

At first she thought the stray cats were ghosts. They came in the evenings and sat on the bricks in the back garden. She would take them up to her bedroom. After they had stayed in her bedroom for three days, living on milk and chicken left over from the paprikás, they were allowed to stay.
Sometimes they disappeared as mysteriously as they had come. These, she decided, where ghost cats from the streets of Budapest. But others stayed, and during her childhood there were more and more cats, sitting on the sofa, scratching the legs of the dining room table, curling beside her when she slept at night, one on her feet, one at her side, one with his chin on her shoulder, purring into her ear. In the middle of the night, he liked to pull her hair with his claws. She would wake up, and that was when, more often than not, she would see the ghosts.

At first, she thought the voice on the telephone was a ghost. "Traitor!" it said. "We're coming to take your children. Why did you leave your parents? They miss you, your husband misses you. We'll put you in prison, with rats, and sewer water seeping over the floor!"
Soon after, they moved to the country. Her brother began a series of collections: stones from the streambed, insects, a selection of rusted nails. He kept them in shoe boxes, in his closet. The insects crawled out. Spiders began to spin webs in the corners of his room. Sometimes they would eat dinner with fireflies crawling over the ceiling. The stray cats kept leaving half-eaten caterpillars on the stairs.

More than once, Ilona saw her grandmother, an old woman with short gray hair and delicate wrists. As a girl, she had studied art. Later, she had been forbidden to sell her paintings. They arrived at holidays wrapped around boxes of chocolates. Her mother hung them in every room of the house, even the bathroom. If you stood close, you could still see creases where her mother had ironed the folds.
She always appeared as a thin wash, like one of her watercolors of the light over Lake Balaton. Through her, Ilona could see the banister, the dining room table, the swing hanging from an oak tree in the garden.
Once, she thought she saw her father standing by the oak tree. He was wearing a uniform, like the train conductor but with a red star on his cap. She thought he looked handsome, but he vanished quickly.

There is something I have forgotten to tell you. When she was twelve and still living in Washington D.C., day after day for a period of three months she saw tanks driving down the streets. On her way to school, on her way to the dentist. During these months, she could not sleep. She threw up everything but a slice of birthday cake at a party for a girl from school. She lost weight and developed dark circles under her eyes. Her mother took her to the doctor. She began to believe she was turning into a ghost.

You are angry with me. You say, this is not a story. It is merely a series of scenes, and of manufactured scenes at that. Your name is not Ilona. You never saw your mother's ghosts.
And of course you are right. When Ilona was seventeen, her mother died of breast cancer. After that, she never saw ghosts. Her brother grew up to be a famous entomologist. He is now a professor at Harvard. She grew up to be a writer, but not of stories. She writes about art, and sometimes architecture. She would never write this story, so I am writing it for her.
My mother did not die. Last year, she finished law school. My brother, a computer programmer, went to her graduation. They live by the ocean in California, where it is always sunny.
I rarely see them. I am haunted by ghosts, invisible, impalpable: the ghosts of silver spoons and margarine tubs, the smell of paprikás cooking on Sunday afternoons. The ghost of a country.
Sometimes, in my Boston apartment, I see her: the ghost of my mother, walking along the hallway, running her fingers over the piano. I see her from the back, wearing a dress with light blue and white checks. She made us both dresses out of that fabric, in Brussels. Once, a policeman stopped to ask me, with a wink, if I liked taking walks with my older sister.
When I see her, she is always walking away from me. And her back tells me, some things you can't understand, even by writing about them.


miércoles, 9 de enero de 2019

MAIS... UN NARCOTIQUE DANS LE CAFÉ? IRONIE!

FRANÇOIS FLAHAULT
LA PENSÉE DES CONTES 


C'est bien lui, c'est bien elle



À la recherche de l'époux disparu

Dans les contes du type À la recherche de l'époux disparu, très répandus en Europe et même en Asie,

Une nuit, voici qu'elle n'entend plus le ronflement de cochon de son mari. Elle approche une bougie: "Oh ! mon chéri, comme tu es beau !" s'exclame-t-elle. Son époux lui demande de garder le secret de son heureuse métamorphose. Plusieurs jours passent. Sa belle-mère, la voyant si contente, I'interroge à maintes reprises, de sorte qu'à la fin la jeune femme ne peut s'empêcher de lui dire le secret de son mari. "Malheureuse, tu m'as trahi, je vais te quitter", lui annonce le roi-cochon. "Et si tu veux me retrouver, il te faudra user sept paires de sabots de bois et sept paires de sabots de fer." Le lendemain, l'héroïne achète les chaussures nécessaires et se met en route. Un soir, alors qu'elle a déjà usé quatre paires, elle demande asile à une femme. "Je veux bien, mais mon mari pourrait vous manger." L'ogre rentre. "Ne lui fais pas de mal, lui dit la dame, c'est la femme du roi-cochon." Et l'ogre lui donne une noix magique. Après plusieurs mois de marche, l'héroïne arrive chez un frère de l'ogre, et tout se passe comme la première fois. Elle parvient enfin chez le troisième frère, le plus terrible, mais qui lui aussi se laisse amadouer, lui annonce que son mari va bientôt se remarier, et l'aide à atteindre le château où il réside. "Justement, lui dit-on, on cherche quelqu'un pour laver la vaisselle." Le soir de la noce, elle casse la première noix, en sort une robe de soie et la revêt. La nouvelle épouse la voit et veut la lui acheter. "Je ne demande pas d'argent, lui est-il répondu, mais je veux que vous me laissiez passer la nuit auprès de votre mari." Marché accepté - mais la nouvelle épouse verse un narcotique dans le café du roi-cochon ! De toute la nuit, l'héroïne ne parvient pas à le réveiller. Le soir suivant, c'est une robe d'argent qui sort de la seconde noix, et la même scène se répète, sans plus de résultats. Au cours de la journée du lendemain, une personne qui dormait dans la chambre voisine avertit le roi-cochon: "Qu'est-ce qui se passe dans votre chambre ? Toute la nuit, j'ai entendu une femme vous parler, se rappeler à vous." Le soir venu, lorsque l'héroïne, après avoir vendu une troisième robe, gagne la chambre de son ancien mari, celui-ci (il s'est arrangé pour ne pas boire son café) l'attend bien éveillé, et les époux tombent dans les bras l'un de l'autre. Le lendemain, l'homme annonce qu'il repart chez lui avec sa vraie femme.

Mais dans cette version française des Hautes-Alpes donnée comme example, ce qui m'a étonné le plus est que la nouvelle épouse verse son narcotique dans le café du roi-mari. Ça est parfois de l'ironie, hein? Dans beaucoup de versions c'est du vin ou de l'eau-de-vie, du lait chaud ou de l'infusion de tilleul... mais jamais du café qui a l'effet contraire!

Les motifs de la peau animale amovible, de l'écart à maintenir entre relation de sang et d'alliance, ainsi que celui des trois robes merveilleuses acquises par l'héroïne de La Recherche de l'époux nous ramènent au conte de Peau-d'âne. Essayons de préciser les relations qu'entretiennent ces deux types de contes. Une analogie générale : un premier temps centré sur le court-circuit (et, dans nombre de versions des deux types de contes, ce court-circuit équivaut au non-respect de l'écart entre relations de sang et d'alliance). Cet écart n'étant pas maintenu, la distance entre les deux termes qu'il devrait séparer se reproduit sous une forme à la fois différente et radicale. Ce qui conduit, dans un second temps, à un processus de médiation. 
Mais aussi des relations de transformation précises: l'autre héroïne voit au contraire son époux la fuir parce qu'elle n'a pu éviter la transgression. Du coup, la peau animale change elle aussi de fonction, car, si dans les deux cas l'un des personnages ne peut être tout à l'autre, l'apparence animale est ce que Peau-d'Ane revêt pour rétablir cet écart, alors que cette apparence animale est ce que perd l'époux du fait même du court-circuit. Quant aux trois robes merveilleuses, elles constituent bien de part et d'autre le prix payé par l'un des personnages pour se rapprocher de l'autre. Tandis que dans La Recherche de l'époux, l'héroïne cède à la seconde femme de son mari ce qui se vend à grand prix pour retrouver ainsi ce qui ne s'achète pas. ... dans l'autre (cas), il est du côté de la seconde femme, qui cède au mirage des robes merveilleuses. Dans les deux contes, donc, l'éclat séducteur de l'image joue un rôle. Non pas celui d'une simple apparence destinée à être dépassée et disqualifiée par la réalité vraie (le paganisme des contes les éloignent de la morale ascétique). Mais celui d'un bien visible dont il est légitime de jouir dès lors qu'il respecte les liens invisibles qui définissent les places et les identités. Ainsi, dans l'écart entre ces deux versants, visible et invisible (imaginaire et symbolique) se déploie un processus de reconnaissance, une médiation dans laquelle opère le discernement.

Chaussures et médiation 

Nous avons vu que dans sa longue marche, l'héroïne à la recherche de son époux disparu doit - c'est un motif très fréquent - user plusieurs paires de chaussures de fer. Ici, les chaussures ne servent plus à relier, comme dans Cendrillon, apparences et réalité, mais deux lieux séparés par une distance immense.
Je me souviens d'avoir lu, étant enfant, une version du conte comportant ce motif (dans un recueil de contes roumains édité pour la jeunesse). Je pouvais, bien sûr, imaginer des parcours plus longs que ceux que j'avais moi-même effectués, mais une marche tellement prolongée qu'elle vienne à bout de plusieurs paires de chaussures et, qui plus est, en fer ! Voilà qui invitait à imaginer l'inimaginable ; plaisant vertige auquel les contes (ou d'autres formes de récits) nous engagent volontiers. Nouvel exemple de la nécessité de distinguer entre deux formes de désirabilité: d'une part, désir de l'héroïne de rejoindre son époux; ce désir se communique aux auditeurs ou aux lecteurs du conte qui, eux aussi, souhaitent que "ça s'arrange". D'autre part, une désirabilité qui est assumée directement par le lecteur : une si longue marche est une grande souffrance pour le personnage qui l'accomplit, mais pour le lecteur, l'immensité de la distance à parcourir est comme une image de l'immensité de son propre espace psychique, de sorte qu'elle se traduit par une dilatation de son être et un plaisir d'imagination.
La distance même qui sépare deux lieux ou deux états, fût-elle déchirante, ou plutôt parce qu'elle est déchirante, vaut comme figure de complétude, comme figuration d'un point d'excès. Elle fait plaisir pour autant qu'elle donne place, dans cet espace partagé qu'est l'énonciation du récit, à une part de nous-même qui, autrement, ne trouve guère à s'exprimer que par la voie du symptôme.
Cet étrange plaisir témoigne sans doute de ceci: les rapports entre ce que j'ai appelé court-circuit et médiation ne se réduisent pas à une simple opposition; il semble en effet que celle-ci implique celui-là, comme si l'énergie engagée dans la médiation (la médiation figurée à l'intérieur du conte mais aussi celle que constitue l'énonciation même du conte) avait pour source celle qui résulte du court-circuit. L'idée d'une équivalence énergétique entre les deux processus s'impose également lorsque l'on compare La Recherche de l'époux aux Souliers usés à la danse. On y voit en effet la médiation (la tâche impossible) et le court-circuit (la précipitation compulsive) échanger leurs places d'un conte à l'autre comme si celles-ci étaient équivalentes:

A LA RECHERCHE DE L'ÉPOUX
L'héroïne ne peut s'empêcher de
percer et/ou transmettre le secret de
son époux.
Elle le perdra si elle enfreint
cette condition.
Elle doit, tâche impossible,
user ses chaussures.
Pour entendre sa femme, 
il doit suivre le conseil d'un tiers et ne pas absorber de soporifique. 

Si, dans La Recherche de l'époux, la reconnaissance ne s'opère pas au moyen d'une tessère mais, comme nous le verrons plus loin, par ce qu'on pourrait appeler une communication indirecte, l'image de la tessère est cependant évoquée dans un motif par lequel, fréquemment, se clôt le récit. Ce ne sont pas la chaussure ou l'anneau qui, alors, fonctionnent comme tessère, mais la clé. Après la nuit où l'épouse est enfin parvenue à se faire entendre de son mari, celui-ci adresse ces paroles aux parents de sa seconde femme:

 “ Si vous aviez fait faire une clé pour en remplacer une perdue, et si vous retrouviez ensuite la première, de laquelle vous serviriez-vous, de l'ancienne ou de la nouvelle ?
 — De l'ancienne.
 — Eh bien, moi, j'avais une femme et je la perdis; j'en pris une autre et, à cette heure, j'ai retrouvé la première : c'est celle-là que je garde.” (Je cite le texte d'une version de Gascogne, in C.P.F., II, 81. Dans une version bretonne déjà citée, Le Loup-lévrier, le héros oppose "une chaussure en bon état à laquelle le pied est habitué" à "une chaussure neuve que l'on ne connaît pas" (D. Laurent, ouvrage cité, p. 98).)

La "vraie" clé est donc supposée mieux correspondre à la serrure que la nouvelle. La parabole employée est fondée sur une analogie explicite entre la relation clé/serrure et femme/mari (et non pas, comme un symbolisme sommaire nous y aurait préparés, sur une analogie entre clé et homme, femme et serrure). La métaphore placée dans la bouche de l'époux fait songer à certaines de celles qu'emploie un personnage du Banquet de Platon pour parler des relations entre les deux moitiés de l'homme primitif, coupé en deux par Zeus : "Chacun de nous, dit Aristophane, est fraction complémentaire, tessère (en grec, sumbolon), et coupé comme il l'a été, une manière de carrelet, le dédoublement d'une chose unique: il s'ensuit que chacun est constamment en quête de la fraction complémentaire, de la tessère de lui-même." (Banquet, 192 d.)
C'est donc par l'image d'une sorte de sumbolon que le mari évoque le lien qui l'unit à sa "moitié". Mais ce n'est nullement par la seule vertu de la correspondance qui existerait entre eux comme entre clé et serrure que les époux se sont retrouvés : c'est grâce à une série de médiations. En ce sens, les contes où intervient la question de la reconnaissance diffèrent radicalement de ce que donne à penser le discours d'Aristophane. Celuici, en effet, ne conçoit pas l'intervention d'un tiers médiateur comme étant une condition sine qua non des retrouvailles. Si, à la suite de J.-P. Vernant, on écrit ainsi le compte de la totalisation selon Aristophane: 1/2 + 1/2 = 1, on constatera que pour les contes la formation du couple exige, en plus des deux "moitiés", l'addition d'une unité tierce. Pour Platon lui-même, la formule d'Aristophane est inexacte, car union sexuelle implique procréation, ce que Vernant résume par la formule: 1 + 1 = 3. Quant à la forme d'accomplissement que préconise le philosophe à la place de celui auquel aspire l'Aristophane du Banquet, on pourrait le formuler ainsi : 1 + 1 = 1.

La communication indirecte (parole qui sépare, parole qui réunit) 
Venons-en aux motifs par lesquels, dans les contes du type À la recherche de l'époux disparu, s'accomplit la reconnaissance. Ces motifs, je l'ai dit, ne s'appuient pas sur la figure du sumbolon, mais sur d'autres, plus complexes. Complétons d'abord le dossier en présentant un autre type de contes, L'Épouse substituée, dont l'un des deux sous-types fait intervenir la séquence où la femme cherche à se faire entendre de son époux endormi. Je résume le motif dans ce sous-type d'après une version recueillie à Plouaret en 1869.
Bientôt, Lévénès se marie à un gentilhomme et donne naissance à un fils. Le mari, trompé par l'obscurité, désire dormir auprès de celle qu'il croit être son épouse. La nuit venue, la cane vient voltiger autour du berceau et adresse ses plaintes au nourrisson. L'homme a absorbé à son insu un soporifique: il n'entend rien, ... La troisième nuit, la cane revient voleter au-dessus de son enfant: "C'est la dernière fois que je viens te voir, et ton père dort encore..." Mais celui-ci n'a pas bu le soporifique que lui destinait la marâtre, il se lève, ... Margot et sa mère sont punies.

... la femme métamorphosée en cane, Luzel, t. III

I


...



... LA FEMME MÉTAMORPHOSÉE EN CANE
_____

Selaouit holl, mar hoc’h eus c’hoant,
Setu aman eur gaozic koant,
Ha na eus en-hi netra gaou,
Mès, marteze, eur gir pe daou.

Écoutez, si vous voulez,
Voici un joli petit conte,
Dans lequel il n’y a pas de mensonge,
Si ce n’est, peut-être, un mot ou deux.

Heureusement, qu’elle se maria, peu après, à un jeune gentilhomme du pays, qui l’emmena avec lui à son château, et la marâtre et sa fille faillirent en mourir de dépit et de jalousie.

Voilà donc la jeune mère devenue cane, sur l’étang, pendant que la belle Margot occupait sa place, dans son lit, et faisait fermer toutes les fenêtres de la chambre. 
Lorsque le mari vint au lit de sa femme, demander de ses nouvelles, il trouva toutes les fenêtres closes.
— Comment êtes-vous, mon petit cœur ? lui demanda-t-il.
— Merde ! lui répondit une voix grossière, avec une puanteur insupportable.
— Hélas ! s’écria-t-il, ma pauvre femme est bien malade ; elle délire. Ouvrez les fenêtres, belle-mère, pour que je puisse la voir, car on ne voit goutte ici.
— La lumière lui ferait mal, dit la sage-femme, gagnée par la marâtre. et direz au mari qu’elle est malade et ne peut supporter la lumière.

Voilà le mari désolé. Il ne veut quitter sa femme, ni le jour ni la nuit ; il couche dans la même chambre qu’elle, mais, on lui donne un soporifique, et il dort comme un rocher.
Pendant que tout le monde dormait au château, à l’exception de la nourrice, qui veillait près du berceau, la dame-mère arriva par la fenêtre, qu’on avait ouverte pour renouveler l’air. Elle était sous la forme d’une cane, et se mit à voltiger autour du berceau, en disant :
—... Et ton père, hélas ! qui est là couché, à côté de celle qui a pris ma place, l’ignore et ne m’entend pas. Hélas ! hélas !...
Quand le mari s’éveilla, le lendemain matin, il demanda à celle qu’il croyait toujours être sa femme comment elle se trouvait. Mais, elle lui répondit encore par une grossièreté, et sa douleur n’en fit que s’accroître.
Avant de se mettre au lit, le mari but encore un soporifique, sans le savoir, et il dormit aussi profondément que la veille.
A l’heure où tout dormait, dans le château, la cane arriva encore dans la chambre ... et fit entendre les mêmes plaintes :
— Hélas ! ... ton père dort encore et ne m’entend pas ! Je viendrai encore, demain soir, pour la dernière fois, et si l’on ne me retire pas ..., il me faudra te quitter, toi et ton père, et pour toujours !
Et elle s’en alla encore, après avoir longtemps voltigé autour du berceau.
La nourrice vit et entendit tout, comme la veille, et se dit en elle-même :
— Arrive que pourra, il faut que je prévienne le maître de ce qui se passe ici ; mon cœur ne peut rester insensible aux plaintes de cette cane ; il y a là-dessous quelque mystère.
Le lendemain matin, quand le père vint voir son enfant, elle lui dit donc :
— J’ai quelque chose sur le cœur, que je veux vous déclarer. Vous ne savez pas ce qui se passe ici, la nuit.
— Quoi donc, nourrice ? Parlez, je vous prie.
On vous fait boire un soporifique, au moment de vous coucher, et vous n’entendez rien de ce qui se dit et se passe autour de vous ; on vous trompe, et celle que vous croyez être votre femme est Margot, la fille de la marâtre ...
Je me doutais bien, dit le mari, qu’il se passait quelque chose de mystérieux, au château ; mais, cette nuit, je ne boirai pas le soporifique et je serai sur mes gardes, et nous verrons bien.
Le soir, quand l’heure fut venue de se coucher, la marâtre versa encore le soporifique au mari. Il feignit de le boire, comme précédemment, et le jeta sous la table, sans qu’on s’en aperçût.
Vers minuit, quand tout le monde dormait, au château, excepté lui et la nourrice, la cane arriva encore, par la fenêtre, dans la chambre ... et parla ainsi :
— C'est pour la dernière fois, ... que je viens te voir, sous cette forme, et ton père dort encore, sans doute...
A ces mots, celui-ci sauta hors du lit, où il feignait de dormir, et s’écria :
— Non, je ne dors pas, cette fois !
Et il prit la cane, qui voltigeait au-dessus du berceau ..., et aussitôt elle revint à sa forme première et se jeta sur le berceau, pour embrasser son enfant.
— Allumez de la lumière, nourrice, et appelez la marâtre ! cria le mari.
La méchante vint ; mais, quand elle vit la tournure que prenaient les choses, elle voulut s’enfuir avec sa fille.
Holà ! s’écria le jeune seigneur, en voyant cela, attendez un peu, car chacun doit être payé selon ses œuvres.
Et il fit chauffer un four à blanc et l’on y jeta la marâtre et sa fille.
Quant à l'épouse vraie, elle vécut heureuse, le reste de ses jours, avec son mari et ses enfants.

Recueilli à Plouaret, janvier 1869.

Dans le conte de L'Épouse substituée aussi bien que dans La Recherche de l'époux, l'essentiel est de se faire entendre de celui qui dort, ce qui n'est possible que par la médiation d'un tiers qui l'avertit. Ce motif revient avec insistance dans ces deux contes, mais aussi dans quelques autres: L'Oiseau bleu de Mme d'Aulnoy ; ...

Maintenant que nous avons une vue d'ensemble des variations sur le thème de ce que j'ai appelé la communication indirecte, dégageons-en les traits essentiels. On peut en distinguer trois : 

1 - C'est grâce à la médiatioin d'un tiers que l'héroïne est tirée de l'état douloureux où elle est retranchée de l'humanité et coupée des liens vitaux qui l'attachent à une autre personne. 
2 - L'héroïne ne se sait pas entendue par celui dont l'intervention sera décisive. 
3 - Au moyen de ses robes merveilleuses ou d'autres objets précieux, l'héroïne achète ce qui ne se vend pas.

3. Acheter ce qui ne se vend pas 

On se souvient que si l'héroïne de La Recherche de l'époux disparu parvient à passer trois nuits auprès de son ancien mari, c'est parce qu'elle a acquis ce droit auprès de la nouvelle épouse en lui cédant ses trois robes merveilleuses. On se souvient également que dans le sous-type A de L'Épouse substituée, l'héroïne envoie quelqu'un vendre à la marâtre un objet précieux, le prix demandé étant précisément les yeux qui lui avaient été arrachés et qu'elle recouvre ainsi. 
C'est là un trait nouveau ; il ne se ramène pas au sumbolon. Ce curieux marché où de l'aliénable est échangé contre de l'inaliénable - un motif que l'on retrouve dans bien d'autres contes - est l'opérateur d'un renversement dans le cadre d'un rapport de forces entre deux personnages. Je me borne donc ici à en indiquer la logique générale.
Dans toute transaction marchande, chacune des parties prenantes risque de n'être qu'un moyen pour l'autre. Celui qui espère "posséder" l'autre peut bien devenir, en fin de compte, celui qui "s'est fait avoir". Dans le motif qui nous intéresse, le perdant est celui qui ne comprend pas que, de cette transaction apparemment marchande, son partenaire escompte un profit d'une tout autre nature : il ne s'agit pas pour lui de ce qu'il a, mais de ce qu'il est. C'est l'intégrité de sa personne ou de son corps qui est en jeu. La future perdante accepte le marché parce qu'elle croit y gagner : ce qu'elle acquiert est un bien précieux, alors que ce qu'elle donne ne lui coûte guère (d'autant plus qu'elle triche, faisant absorber un somnifère à son mari pour qu'il ne se passe rien entre lui et la femme qui viendra à son chevet). De même dans le cas où la marâtre acquiert des objets en or contre des yeux qui ne lui servent à rien.
En revanche, lorsque la femme à la recherche de son mari sacrifie elle aussi ses trois robes merveilleuses, elle y gagne puisque, grâce à ce marché, elle finit par se faire entendre de son époux.



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POST SCRIPTUM - WOLFGANG SCHIVELBUSCH ON DRUGLORE - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUNDS FOR THE MOTIF OF THE POISONED CUP



To visit a pub is to step into another world. For there the abstract law of exchange is suspended, at least in part. It's not that customers don't have to pay for drinks. The barkeeper is in business, after all. But somehow the rules of the outside world don't govern here. 


Mass Observation, a sociological study undertaken in England in the 1930s, documents the drinking behavior of twentieth-century pubs and describes a typical scene. On a Sunday afternoon three men sit at a bar, each nursing a drink that he has paid for himself. A fourth man enters, and after ordering a drink and half-emptying his glass, he calls to the bartender to order drinks for all four. They begin a conversation, and after a while one of the other men orders another round. Two of the men who have not yet paid for a round are unemployed, but one of them orders the third round. When the drinks are placed before the group, the second of the two unemployed men leaves the pub, signaling his intent to return by leaving his glass half-empty. When he returns five minutes later, he finishes his drink and orders another four drinks. Now the round is complete. Later he confesses that he really did not want to be part of the round because he was short of money. He had to go home to get money because he felt he couldn't excuse himself from the round. From personal experience everyone recognizes this unspoken obligation to participate in rounds of drinks regardless of whether he's in the mood or not, and even when he can't really afford it. Not to go along with it would be to lose face. Yet this sort of obligation holds true only in bars, pubs, and such locales, and only in connection with alcoholic drinks. The idea of such a thing happening in a restaurant would be absurd. What is natural in a bar or public house is meaningless on the outside. 


Drinking, then, is apparently a special human activity, or, to quote from the Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens [Dictionary of German Superstition], article "Trinken", "the superstitious ideas and customs that center around the activity of drinking are to be understood as remnants of older magical, cultic actions and manifestations of belief." 


But why should it be drinking to which these primordial notions have remained so strongly attached rather than eating solids, which is certainly as essential to life? 


In the first place, archaic magical interpretations saw drinking and eating as equally conflicting processes. On the one hand, a person who consumes and incorporates things becomes their master. But on the other hand, the consumer thereby delivers themself up to them, in a sense succumbs to them. For things have lives of their own. The plants and animals a person eats (aside from cannibalism) continue to have an effect within the consumer, indeed work either with or against them, depending on whether they are well or ill disposed toward the consumer. 


What makes drinking more important than eating solids is the fact that here the individual life or soul of a thing is being directly assimilated. In magical thinking every fluid symbolizes blood, and the blood or sap -vital fluid- of an animal or a plant is its soul. This accounts for the taboo against the presence of blood in food of most cultures, our own included. The Christian Eucharist still contains an echo of this identification of blood with the soul.

Because of this direct connection drinking had something menacing about it for primitive humans. As one drinks, one assimilates the soul of something else and one loses their own soul in proportion to their drinking. Wine is the classical instance of this. The person intoxicated by wine no longer possesses their own soul, but is filled by that of the wine, that is, the wine god.

Like most magical conceptions, this one too has a grain of physiological truth to it. Liquid imbibed enters the bloodstream faster than solid foods. The effect for any given drink is more rapid, more immediately observable. And the custom of adding poison to drink has an actual physiological basis as well as the magical one. The poisoned drink is as old as humankind's drinking culture and drinking magic itself. In magical lore every drink is potentially poisoned or, to put it in more general terms, a threat, in that it might embody a soul hostile to the drinker.

Through history drinking rituals have evolved, aimed at neutralizing this menacing aspect. Drinking rituals are communal so that all will feel safe and be able to keep a watchful eye on one another. The king's taster, whose duty it was to test every drink set before his lord for poison, was a variant on this communal drinking, revealing its purpose explicitly.

The oldest and most important drinking ritual is the toast. In making their toasts the drinkers vow reciprocal friendship, goodwill, and good intentions, using traditional stock formulas. One such eleventh-century drinking oath goes: "Let the cups be brought and let us drink to health, drink after me and drink to me, drink to the full, drink half the cup and I shall drink to you." Another toast from the thirteenth century ran: "I drink to you, now drink as much as I do." In a sense, the drink itself was consecrated by these formulas, thus ceasing to be a threat. On the contrary, it became a guarantee and symbol of communality, friendship, and fraternity for those who were drinking. Toasting in archaic societies assumed proportions scarcely imaginable today. Even in the sixteenth century all drinking binges necessarily ended in the total inebriation of all participants, since it would have been an unheard-of breach of drinking etiquette for any member to quit sooner. In drinking etiquette it is taboo not to accept a proffered drink or, for that matter, not to reciprocate. 

Communal drinking is, as has already been suggested here, characterized by a remarkable ambivalence. On the one hand, it creates fraternity among drinkers, on the other this relationship is marked by mutual caution, obligation, and competitiveness, which make it seem far less than friendly. In an instant the bond can be broken and turned into its opposite, should the basic rule be violated. Anyone who refuses a drink offered him in a workers' bar may well find themself in the middle of a brawl; if one does not in turn offer a round, one makes a fool of oneself. Once one is a participant in a round of drinks, one cannot suddenly of their own accord back out. As the scene cited at the start of this chapter shows, one must observe certain rules, even if one is not in the mood. Behavioural sociologists determined from actual observation how ironclad these rules are, unwritten though they may be: "Once the proclamation is made that rounds have begun, it is incumbent upon the members of a group to participate regardless of individual preferences. One cannot demand that they pay for one's own drink and one's own drink only. If one of the members of the group must leave immediately after their first drink, they will usually state that they will stand the first round, being unavailable to stand any subsequent round. Although paying for more drinks than he will be consuming during the course of his stay may be economically unfair to him, it is required that either the other participants in the group accept his offer or that some other member volunteer to take the first round and allow the soon-to-be-departing member's drink to be defined as a gift drink. For example, if one member requests the first round because he must leave and his offer is declined, it is typically declined by someone saying, 'No, let me get the first round, and I'll treat you to a drink.' Once rounds have begun, each member of the group in turn is obligated to stand at least one round. Thus, if a group is composed of four members, rounds must continue for at least four drinks, after which another set of rounds may begin or the participants may begin purchasing their drinks on an individual basis. When rounds have started, the original
group members typically remain together, at least until they have purchased their round, since each member of the group is obligated to purchase one round. Sometimes a member of the original group who has stood their round will move to some other part of the bar, but members of the original group who are yet to stand a round must still include that member even though he or she is no longer physically part of the group. And the defector, in turn, must at least by gesture acknowledge each subsequent drink received from the group, thus maintaining social contact at least until the termination of the rounds." 

The above-mentioned study Mass Observation notes how far, indeed how deep into realms of the unconscious, the feeling of fraternity within a group of drinkers extends. Members of rounds will empty their glasses almost at the same time, and often the levels of the liquid in the glasses will vary by no more than half an inch. The variations are most marked when the glasses are less than half full. They begin at the same time and finish at the same, or almost the same, time. The study relates an impressive example of this telepathic sense of community by reporting about a group of four men of whom one is blind. All sit at a table and order their beer. As soon as the glasses are served, they all raise them to their lips and drink for about four seconds, each returning his glass to the table at the same time. Each, including the blind man, has emptied exactly a quarter of the glass. The next few times they drink in shorter gulps, sometimes the blind man first, sometimes the other three, without any noticeable pattern. But, at the end, they all finish their drinks with a variation of between a quarter and a half inch of beer remaining. 

 The rules and rituals that accompany drinking in a bar or pub survive in our modern civilization as relics from a long-forgotten age. The public house or bar, in fact, may be termed a sort of preserve, in which archaic behavior patterns that have all but vanished from other spheres of life are kept alive. To fully understand the meaning of drinking rituals, one must recall these age-old modes of conduct, mechanisms, and rituals, and their social function. This archaic practice which is perpetuated in drinking rituals is known in anthropology as a potlatch. The potlatch is a kind of sacrificial offering, not to the divinity, but to other human beings. In the potlatch valuable objects are either destroyed in the presence of members of another tribe (a destruction potlatch) or given to them (a gift potlatch). From a modern, rationalistic point of view this process seems senseless, but for primitive societies it has, as the French anthropologist and sociologist Marcel Mauss discovered, an absolutely central social importance: "The motive for these excessive gifts and this reckless consumption, the senseless loss and destruction of property is in no way unselfishly motivated. Among chieftains, vassals, and followers a hierarchy is established by means of these gifts. Giving is a way of demonstrating one's superiority, of showing that one is greater, that one stands higher . . .; to accept, without reciprocating or giving more in return, means subordinating oneself, becoming a vassal and follower, sinking deeper."

Even today traces survive of this original sense of gift giving. Anyone who gives a gift, treats, or invites another is the superior and more powerful person. The recipient, of course, has the advantage of receiving something of value without paying for it; but on the other hand the recipient does pay for it, precisely by being left the passive receiver. For this reason it is mostly children and women—those who in our society personify powerlessness and passivity—who are given gifts. The German expression for reciprocating a gift, sich revanchieren, contains a word closely linked to "revenge," a reminder that every gift basically entails an assault on the autonomy of the receiver. This is exactly what Nietzsche, that great unmasker of fair appearances, meant by calling gratitude a form of revenge: expressing thanks when one has received a favor or a present gives an immaterial counterpresent, so to speak, a formula by which the recipient attempts to neutralize or, more accurately, to avenge, the incursion into their existence the gift represents. 

 Yet these are only lingering traces of the older meaning that gift giving, gift receiving, and the exchange of presents once had. With the capitalist principle of exchange, this mechanism has generally lost its power in our daily lives. 

It is only in the context of alcohol drinking that it still survives with any degree of vigour. In a sense, the bar is a thoroughly archaic place, with more than mere vestiges, hints, or sublimations of what once was clinging to it. Here the genuine article lives on: drinkers sharing rounds are participants in a potlatch. With the instinctive sureness of migratory birds they follow the rules and rituals of offering and reciprocating, without an inkling of their ancient origins. Assisting them in this, of course, is the alcohol itself, around which everything revolves. It washes away the newer, "civilized" levels of consciousness, exposing the archaic level where intoxication, fraternity, and competition merge as spontaneously as they might have in a drinking bout five hundred, a thousand, or three thousand years ago. 



(From Chapter 6 of Tastes of ParadiseA Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants)

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