Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta libretto of verdi's othello. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta libretto of verdi's othello. Mostrar todas las entradas

sábado, 22 de abril de 2023

DRUNKEN MESSENGER IN WALES (EMARÉ, 2016 VERSION)

'I shall marry this maiden,' replied the king defiantly, 'whether you like it or not!'

The old queen turned angrily for home, and refused to attend the ceremony.

...

The King of France at this time was beset by enemies and found himself in some difficulty. He sent frantic messages to the King of Wales and to other noble and worthy lords. The King of Wales responded to this urgent plea by gathering as many men as he could, in bright armour. Then the king instructed Sir Cadore, and other lords who were to remain behind, to look after his kingdom for him: 'And take especially good care of my queen,' he said.

The King of France summoned everyone he could and the steward was charged to keep the queen safe in the king's absence. And in due course, the queen gave birth to a healthy little boy bearing a distinctive and royal birthmark. He was christened Segramour.

 The steward, Sir Cadore, wrote a letter bearing this good news and hurriedly gave it to an envoy to take to the king. The messenger set off at once and rested for the night at the residence of the king's mother. He foolishly spent the night at her castle.

He was received richly and was asked how the queen was. 'Madam,' the envoy replied, 'she has given birth to a handsome little boy and is resting in her bed.' For this news the king's mother gave him a fine robe and forty shillings, and some other expensive gifts. Then she plied him with as much beer and wine as he could drink and got him very drunk. When she could see that he was fit for nothing but sleep, she led him to his chamber. And when he was unconscious, she rifled through his personal belongings, found the letter and threw it into a fire. Then in her wickedness she wrote another letter, saying how the queen had given birth to a devil and that no one dared approach her. The child has three heads – she wrote – one of a lion, one of a dragon and another of a bear! This devilish woman has given birth to a monstrous fiend!

The next morning the messenger set off, somewhat the worse for wear, taking all sorts of paths and roads until he came to the king. He coughed and spoke softly to his lord, believing himself to be the bringer of good news. He gave the king the letter; the king read it and began to cry, then fell down onto the floor, sobbing and weeping.

Some barons who were standing nearby took him up and put him on his feet again but the king would not stop weeping. 'Alas that I was born!' he cried. 'Alas that I was made a king and married to the most beautiful woman in the world who has brought forth a monster from our union!'

When he saw that there was no way of changing the situation and that crying would do little good, he wrote a letter and sealed it with his seal. In it, he commanded that the queen should be well looked-after until she had recovered from her confinement. Everybody was to do as she instructed. The envoy took this letter and followed the same route back with it as he had come, via the castle belonging to the king's mother.

When he arrived there to rest for the night, he was welcomed as before and given gifts as befit a royal messenger. He had no inkling that any treason was afoot. His comfort was well attended to, he was given bread and ale, and wine, and again became very intoxicated. And when he was fast asleep the king's mother searched for the letter he was carrying, found it and cast it into the fire. Then she commanded that another letter be written, instructing the king's counsellors to put the queen into a boat and cast her on the ocean, wearing only her costly robe of diamonds and jewels and carrying her little boy; and she was to be given no money, and no food and no drinking water: 'But let her be gone!' wrote the king's mother. 'Upon pain of death upon yourselves, your elders, your children, and your wives, let she and her son be exposed to the harsh salt spray and to the icy chill.'

'My lord has sent a letter,' the steward replied, truthfully, 'and it is for this reason that we are distressed.' Egaré took the letter from him in anguish and read of her fate.


...

The war is won, the siege is broken and the king returns to Wales. Knights of great wealth, dukes, earls ,and barons all ride merrily by his side.

Sir Cadore quickly rode out to meet them, and began to inform the king of everything that had happened during his absence and of which he might be unaware; all the domestic affairs of state.

'In Heaven's name!' cried the king, interrupting him. 'Why are you telling me all this? Why do you not tell me how my lady Egaré is – is she well?'

The steward was quite taken aback. 'Sir, why do you say this?' he asked, suddenly rather frightened. 'My lord, do you expect that we should have ignored your command? Look, here is the letter you sent to me. What we have done was at your own bidding. See for yourself!'

The king took the letter, and when he saw what it contained, the blood drained from his face. 'Sir Cadore, I swear that this letter did not come from me. I tell you this now.'

They both wept and were hardly able to stand for grief and shock. Dukes and earls ran to the king and held him for pity. The king took out the letter he had received.

'I never wrote anything like that! cried Sir Cadore. 'Alas, what has been happening?'

They sent for the messenger and ordered him to tell them at once which route he had taken with his letters. 'Via your mother's castle,' he explained.

'Alas!' cried the king. 'By my sovereignty, she shall be burned alive! There can be no other course!'

The king's mother was punished for her crime.

The king ruled with a heavy heart and much sadness. He sighed and mourned for his fair Egaré. And when he saw children play, he would weep silently to himself. Seven years passed, and nobody could relieve him of his grief and sadness.

....

Translation and retelling by Richard Scott-Robinson, 2016 - Galys is translated as Wales.

All key passages:

The messenger set off at once and rested for the night at the residence of the king's mother. He foolishly spent the night at her castle.

For this news the king's mother gave him a fine robe and forty shillings, and some other expensive gifts. Then she plied him with as much beer and wine as he could drink and got him very drunk. When she could see that he was fit for nothing but sleep, she led him to his chamber. And when he was unconscious, she rifled through his personal belongings, found the letter and threw it into a fire.

The next morning the messenger set off, somewhat the worse for wear, taking all sorts of paths and roads until he came to the king. He coughed and spoke softly to his lord, believing himself to be the bringer of good news. He gave the king the letter;

...

 The envoy took this letter and followed the same route back with it as he had come, via the castle belonging to the king's mother.

When he arrived there to rest for the night, he was welcomed as before and given gifts as befit a royal messenger. He had no inkling that any treason was afoot. His comfort was well attended to, he was given bread and ale, and wine, and again became very intoxicated. And when he was fast asleep ...

...

'I never wrote anything like that! cried Sir Cadore. 'Alas, what has been happening?'

They sent for the messenger and ordered him to tell them at once which route he had taken with his letters. 'Via your mother's castle,' he explained.

Translation and retelling by Richard Scott-Robinson, 2016 - Galys is translated as Wales. 

I particularly liked that the messenger in the morning here in this version was "somewhat the worse for wear!" I like this realistic detail. Veisalgia -AKA hangovers-! The original poem only says... 

On the morn when hyt was day,

The messenger wente on hys way,
Nothing about his state of health. The closest that it comes is the description of him becoming fit for sleep, intoxicated, or unconscious. Speaking of "ale and wyne":

  And that berafte hym hys reson.   (took away from him his reason)



I have already discussed this metaphor before on this blog, ad nauseam in fact, even to the point that the theft of reason becomes the dethroning of reason in a coup d'état the drinker themself causes. With all the ramifications in political and philosophical discourse that the latter metaphor has to offer. The tag "reason dethroning" on this blog post should lead you to some examples. Not to mention that, in my own translation for the libretto of Verdi's Othello, which the tag "verdi's othello" should lead you to if you wish to peruse the whole libretto, this metaphor pops up at Cassio's first reluctance to drink on guard duty:

IAGO (tankard in hand): 
Young man, wet your whistle,
quaff even quicker... 
Ere your lively nights and
summer days turn to foam!


CASSIO (doubtfully sipping):
This real amber nectar of a liquor
will thrust bright reason off
her rightful throne!


IAGO:
One li'l sip can you hold
under our pennant;
who dares wins, Lieutenant!
Drink now with me!
Drink now with me!
Drink, Lieutenant...

----

Drink, Lieutenant...

----

Drink, Lieutenant...

--

Drink now with me,

drink now with me!

(Throughout the refrain, Cassio is gradually encouraged more and more to drink hard, gradually drinking deeper and deeper draughts, draining two or three tankards, as Iago refills the lieutenant's cup from the flagon.)

martes, 11 de diciembre de 2018

L’Otello di Verdi e Boito

Giuseppe Pucci[1]
L’Otello di Verdi e Boito



Abstract
Shakespeare’s Othello and Verdi’s and Boito’s Otello are compared, stressing differences in structure, lexical choices and characters’ psychology. The aesthetic achievements of its score and libretto make the opera as great a masterpiece as the tragedy.

Keywords
Verdi, Boito, Otello



Il presente contributo è dedicato all’unica riscrittura di un’opera di Shakespeare che viene considerata un capolavoro di grandezza pari – qualcuno dice anche superiore – all’originale: l’Otello di Verdi e Boito[2]. Poche volte si sentirà dire “il Trovatore di Verdi e Cammarano”, o “l’Aida di Verdi e Ghislanzoni”; ma è normale dire “l’Otello di Verdi e Boito”, et pour cause.
Verdi ebbe sempre una vera e propria venerazione per Shakespeare. Gli si accostò una prima volta, poco più che trentenne, con il Macbeth (1847), ma il risultato non lo soddisfece molto, anche per la debolezza del libretto, firmato da Francesco Maria Piave. Per circa cinquant’anni accarezzò l’idea di comporre un Re Lear, ma non ne fece mai nulla. Probabilmente non avrebbe mai scritto neanche l’Otello, che era l’altra grande tragedia che lo appassionava, se non ci fosse stata una specie di congiura tra l’editore, Giulio Ricordi, la moglie, Giuseppina Strepponi, e altri amici per convincerlo a collaborare con Arrigo Boito, un intellettuale colto e sensibile, l’unico – così gli assicuravano – che gli avrebbe fornito un libretto adeguato.
Il primo abbozzo del libretto Verdi lo ebbe fra le mani nel 1879, ma il “progetto Cioccolatte”, come Verdi lo chiamava scherzosamente, ebbe una gestazione lunghissima[3]: l’opera andò in scena solo otto anni dopo, nel 1887, quando Verdi di anni ne aveva già settantaquattro. Agli inizi Verdi diffidava di quell’ex scapigliato che fino a pochi anni prima era stato un acceso sostenitore di Wagner contro la vecchia scuo­la italiana – quindi anche contro di lui – ma poi lo apprezzò, e – cosa abbastanza inedita – lo rispettò come collaboratore.
Dei precedenti librettisti di Verdi si è detto a ragione che scrivevano sotto dettatura. In effetti l’epistolario ci fa conoscere un Verdi che esercita un controllo pressoché dittatoriale sul taglio delle scene, sui versi e talvolta sulle singole parole. Con Boito fu diverso. Ci provò anche con lui, naturalmente, ma quando Boito tenne duro, con solidi argomenti, fu Verdi a farsi convincere. Per esempio, a un certo momento Verdi propose, per movimentare l’azione, di introdurre al termine del terzo atto un attacco dei Turchi di cui non c’è traccia in Shakespeare. Boito gli fece notare che il dramma di Otello si svolge principalmente nella sua psiche e che chiamare in causa un evento esterno avrebbe rovinato tutta l’atmosfera. In questo caso aveva sicuramente ragione lui, però, nonostante la sua cultura superiore, Boito non sottovalutò mai l’intelligenza e l’intuito di Verdi. Lavorarono bene insieme – per ben otto anni – perché Boito capiva di musica (scrisse, come si sa, due opere, Mefistofele e Nerone) e Verdi capiva di letteratura.
Grande apertura Verdi dimostrò anche sul piano musicale. Nel­l’O­tel­lo ci sono molte novità che in tanti all’epoca considerarono di derivazione wagneriana. Non è proprio così, naturalmente, ma è vero che non ci sono più i numeri chiusi (recitativo, aria e cabaletta) e c’è invece un flusso musicale continuo. Ci sono anche altre cose eterodosse: manca l’ouverture, e l’eroe non si presenta col solito pezzo di bravura ma con una mini cavatina di dodici battute (“Esultate, l’orgoglio musulmano sepolto è in mar”) che è sufficiente a comunicare da subito il valore e l’autorevolezza del personaggio. Ma vediamo in concreto come Verdi e Boito hanno rifatto l’Otello.
Per ovvi motivi il melodramma deve riassumere, concentrare l’a­zio­ne drammatica. Boito ridusse i 3500 versi di Shakespeare a 700. A fare le spese di questo sfrondamento fu soprattutto il primo atto, quello che si svolge a Venezia, che fu completamente tagliato. Ma Boito ne recuperò intelligentemente alcune parti trasponendole nel suo primo atto, che corrisponde al secondo di Shakespeare. Il racconto che in Shakespeare Otello fa al Senato di come ha conquistato l’amore di Desdemona torna nel primo duetto tra Otello e Desdemona (“Già nella notte densa”) semplicemente con la sostituzione di tu a she: “E tu m’amavi per le mie sventure ed io t’amavo per la tua pietà”. Parole che Desdemona fa sue, specularmente, nella commozione del ricordo: “Ed io t’amavo per le tue sventure e tu m’amavi per la mia pietà”.
Molto più efficaci risultano nella raccolta intimità di questo duetto – giustamente definito “una delle pagine più poetiche dell’Ottocento italiano” (cfr. Pederzoli 2007-2008: 53) – le parole che in Shakespeare Otello e Desdemona si scambiano in pubblico ritrovandosi a Cipro: “Venga la morte! e mi colga nel­l’estasi / di quest’amplesso / il momento supremo! / Tale è il gaudio dell’anima che temo, / temo che più non mi sarà concesso / que­st’at­timo divino / nell’ignoto avvenir del mio destino”. E si potrebbero fare tanti altri esempi di accorti spostamenti che valorizzano al meglio il testo originale.
Ma veniamo alla caratterizzazione dei personaggi[4]. Cominciamo da Jago, perché tanto per Boito quanto per Verdi era Jago il personaggio centrale, al punto che inizialmente pensavano di intitolare l’opera “Jago”. Verdi in particolare fu a lungo alla ricerca di un volto per il suo Jago, e chiese a questo proposito aiuto all’amico pittore Domenico Morelli, esponente di spicco della scuola napoletana. Questi gli rispose che lo vedeva “rigorosamente vestito di nero, per rispecchiare il suo animo malvagio, ma con un aspetto in contrasto con la sua natura, da uomo onesto, quale è ritenuto da Otello fin dall’inizio, quando gli rivolge la parola chiamandolo ‘Onesto Jago’”. Verdi accolse entusiasticamente il suggerimento: “Bene, benone, benissimo, benississssimo [sic]! Jago con la faccia da galantuomo! Hai col­pi­to! Oh lo sapevo bene: ne ero sicuro”.
Lo Jago che Verdi vuole sulla scena è qualcuno al di sopra di ogni sospetto, una figura odiosa non avrebbe potuto ingannare tutti come fa lui. Del resto già negli Hecatommithi di Giraldi Cinzio, la fonte del­l’O­telloshakespeariano, il personaggio che corrisponde a Jago è descritto come “un alfiere di bellissima presenza”, seppure “della più scel­lerata natura”.
Ma chi è davvero Jago? In Shakespeare lui stesso si presenta dicendo: “I am not what I am”, frase che rovescia con tutta evidenza il biblico “Io sono colui che sono” senza per questo darci una risposta chiara. François-Victor Hugo (figlio del grande Victor), nella prefazione alla propria traduzione dell’Otello shakespeariano, che Verdi e Boito ben conoscevano, scrive di Jago che “moralement il a l’hypocrisie de Tartufe; intellectuellement il a le scepticisme de Don Juan; il ne lui manque que le pouvoir surnaturel pour être Méphistophélès” (Hugo 1860). Verdi e Βoito lo vedono allo stesso modo: un uomo e non un essere soprannaturale.
Nell’ultimo atto della tragedia di Shakespeare Otello gli guarda i piedi, ma non vede il piede caprino del demonio. Essendo puramente umana, la malvagità di Jago è ancora più potente, tanto più che essa si nasconde dietro la simulazione, anche se occasionalmente viene fuori, per esempio quando parlando con Roderigo dice “ed io rimango di sua Moresca signoria l’alfiere!”: frase apparentemente autocommiseratoria, ma di cui Verdi rende tutta la minacciosità con un trillo che svela un sarcasmo rabbioso.
Subito dopo Boito inserisce la battuta: “Ma, come è ver che Roderigo sei, / così è pur vero che se il Moro io fossi, / vedermi non vorrei d’at­torno un Jago”. La battuta deriva da un verso shakespeariano molto controverso: “were I the Moor, I would not be Jago” (alla lettera: “se io fossi il Moro, non sarei Jago”).
Dato che non possiamo evidentemente liquidarlo come un truismo, ci si è chiesto cosa volesse dire in realtà Shakespeare. Serpieri lo legge in chiave psicanalitica, come l’espressione di una complessa figura di sdoppiamento di personalità, con Jago e Otello intrappolati in una dialettica servo-padrone. Boito per cavarsi d’impaccio prese di peso la traduzione di Carlo Rusconi (Rusconi 1828), una delle poche italiane all’epoca disponibili.
Ma questo è proprio uno di quei casi in cui Verdi ebbe da ridire, anzi, sollevò addirittura una questione filologica: “Caro Boito, sui tre versi fatti ultimamente ho consultato l’originale... For, sir, were I the Moor I would not be Jago’. ‘Perché, Signor, fossi io il Moro io vorrei non esser Jago’. Così pure Hugo dice ‘Si j’étais le More je ne voudrais pas être Jago’”. Anche nella traduzione di Maffei: “Quand’io potessi trasformarmi nel Moro essere un Jago già non vorrei”. Insomma, il contadino di Sant’Agata fa le pulci al grande letterato. Ma Boito non demorde: “Caro Maestro, quella che sto per scrivere pare una bestemmia: Preferisco la frase di Rusconi. Esprime maggiori cose che non esprima il testo. Per noi che abbiamo dovuto rinunciare alle mirabili scene che hanno luogo a Venezia, dove sono accennati questi sentimenti, la frase del Rusconi torna utilissima”. Verdi capì e abbozzò.
Nell’opera mancano in effetti alcune delle motivazioni dell’agire di Jago che in Shakespeare sono esplicitate: per esempio il sospetto che il Moro sia andato a letto con sua moglie Emilia, o anche il desiderio che egli stesso prova nei confronti di Desdemona. Questa è una precisa scelta di Boito, che la motiva così: “Otello ha eletto capitano Cassio in vece sua. Ma questa causa gli basta; se fosse più grave la scelleraggine sarebbe minore”.
Sul machiavellismo dello Jago di Shakespeare molto si è scritto. Jago è certamente un grande “tecnico” della parola, ma per Boito importante non è tanto quello che dice quanto quello che tace. La sua arma più micidiale, quella che porta Otello alla rovina, è anche la più subdola: la reticenza (Bini 2006). Otello è un uomo di azione, uno abituato a esa­mi­nare la situazione e a prendere delle decisioni immediate, d’istinto. Jago, invece, fa in modo che non abbia mai in mano tutti gli elementi, lo tiene in sospeso e lascia che cuocia nel suo brodo. È il non detto che mette in fibrillazione Otello, sono quelle frasi non finite, quelle pause sapienti che destabilizzano Otello, perché in quel vuoto tutto può esistere, anche i mostri che genera il sonno della sua ragione. Quando nel terzo atto Jago inscena ad uso e consumo di Otello la recita con Cassio, facendogli credere che parli di Desdemona mentre in realtà parla di Bianca, la sua amante, anche lì Otello soffre di più per quello che non arriva a sentire: “Le parole non odo… o lasso!” (frase che non c’è in Shakespeare, ma che è appunto coerente con la concezione di Boito).
Dosando accortamente mezze verità e insinuazioni, Jago arriva a mettere Otello in uno stato di coscienza alterato, quasi a drogarlo. Shakespeare gli fa dire: “My medicine, work!”. Boito trasforma la battuta in “II mio velen lavora”, mutando l’imperativo in una compiaciuta constatazione. La resa di “medicine” con “veleno” è accettabile, ma il Grande Vecchio, quando in una lettera a Morelli si era riferito a questo passo, aveva utilizzato la traduzione di Rusconi “opera, farmaco mio”, che è più fedele, perché si rifà al duplice significato di pharmakon, medicamento e veleno. Ed è un veleno che viene somministrato attraverso l’orecchio, pro­prio come nell’Amleto.
La climax della manipolazione di Otello si ha nel racconto menzognero del sogno di Cassio. Qui Jago diventa, oltre che regista, attore di una tragedia che lui stesso ha creato. Verdi ne fa genialmente una sorta di dolce ninnananna, con dei pianissimo e dei crescendo che richiamano i movimenti ondeggianti di un serpente che sta ipnotizzando la sua vittima.
Però musicalmente e drammaticamente il pezzo forte di Jago è il grande assolo del secondo atto, il famoso Credo. Come tutti sanno, è questa un’invenzione di Boito. In Shakespeare c’è solo, alla fine del primo atto, una generica glorificazione da parte di Jago della “divinity of hell”. Qualche critico ha visto un’incongruenza tra lo Jago ambiguo e sfuggente del resto dell’opera e questo del Credo che professa con iattanza una fede apertamente blasfema e nichilistica. Ma il senso dell’operazione di Boito è proprio questo: dare una motivazione non contingente alle azioni del personaggio, trasformarlo da piccolo gaglioffo mosso da motivi meschini a titano del male, paradigma di una nequizia quintessenziale.
Si noti a questo proposito che Boito espunge tutte le battute grevi, i riferimenti sessuali volgari che invece Shakespeare mette con dovizia in bocca a Jago. Qui il personaggio è troppo seriamente votato al male per indulgere a queste frivolezze.
A differenza del Credo cattolico, che è universale, questo è il Credo di Jago, vale a dire di uno spirito infelice che si è condannato da solo a vivere vilmente nel vile universo di cui si sente parte.
Al Credo di Jago fa da contraltare un altro felice innesto di Boito, l’A­ve Maria di Desdemona, nel quarto atto. Desdemona è l’antitesi di Jago. Quegli è l’emblema del male, questa dell’innocenza. Ciò è in buona misura conseguenza dalla soppressione del primo atto della tragedia, per cui nell’opera nulla veniamo a sapere di quello che lì si diceva, cioè del coraggio col quale la fanciulla a Venezia ha strappato il consenso a un matrimonio interrazziale, o della spregiudicatezza con cui sa rivendicare il diritto al piacere nel rapporto coniugale. Da donna indipendente e volitiva passa al ruolo di vittima sacrificale, tutta pietà e bontà, che prima prega la Madonna “pel possente, mi­sero anch’esso”, e poi addirittura accusa se stessa della propria mor­te pur di discolpare il marito. Insomma, diventa un po’ un “santino”, sulla falsariga dell’interpretazione che del personaggio aveva dato Schlegel (Schlegel 1809). Ma deve essere così. Desdemona, in fondo, non è che un miraggio di Otello, quel “miraggio – come dice lui stesso – dov’io, giulivo, l’ani­ma acqueto”.
Anche per il personaggio di Otello il melodramma ha imposto delle semplificazioni. Per dirne una, in Shakespeare lo vediamo addirittura accusato di avere circuito Desdemona con pratiche magiche, tanto appariva contro natura l’amore di una bianca per un moro. Nell’opera invece il tema razziale non ha praticamente rilevanza (Zanon 2007).
Nella tragedia egli rivela maggiormente le sue doti di condottiero e di uomo di stato, nell’opera è sostanzialmente un ingenuo che si lascia facilmente trasportare dalle passioni. E Boito e Verdi su quelle puntano: sull’amore e la gelosia. Ma puntano anche sul patetismo della catastrophé, del rovesciamento di fortuna dell’eroe. Ciò è evidente non tanto in “Ora e per sempre addio sante memorie” dell’atto secondo, dove Otello fa il suo addio alle armi in presenza di Jago, quanto nel soliloquio “Dio! mi potevi scagliar tutti i mali” dell’atto terzo, dove Boito recupera versi che invece in Shakespeare fanno parte del dialogo tra gli sposi della seconda scena del quarto atto.
Il soliloquio in pianissimo di Verdi esprime magistralmente il senso di spossatezza fisica e spirituale che pervade Otello. L’eroe è come svuo­tato, e parlando di Desdemona dice “Spento è quel sol, quel sorriso, quel raggio / che mi fa vivo”, parole che suonano come una cupa premonizione dell’epilogo della tragedia: morta la moglie, per sua stessa mano, il Moro non può sopravviverle. Il discorso di morte di Otello è un recitativo, estremamente teso, in cui il senso di sconfitta si riassume nella frase “Ecco la fine / del mio cammin... Oh! Gloria! Otello fu”.
E non è un caso che – nell’opera come nella tragedia – la fine della vita sia legata alla fine della gloria. Il tradimento che crede di aver subito significa per il Moro anche la perdita dell’onore, e quindi una diminuzione insopportabile di status. Da questo punto di vista Otello è un eroe tragico al pari dell’Aiace di Sofocle. Se la reputazione viene compromessa, l’essere sociale si sgretola e l’individuo perde il contatto con la realtà, sprofonda nel caos. La caduta, però, non è determinata, come nella tragedia greca, dal Fato o da una colpa (hamartía) che gli dei puniscono. Otello diventa vittima di Jago perché, come dice Agostino Lombardo (Lombardo 1996), l’eroe è cieco di fronte alla realtà, l’eroe non sa leggere il mondo.
Solo pronunciando le sue ultime parole Otello riacquista in Shakespeare la sua lucidità, ritorna compos sui: “Io prima ti ho baciata, poi ti ho uccisa. Altro non mi restava che uccidermi, e morire su un tuo bacio”. Versi indubbiamente belli, ma un po’ algidi. La musica di Verdi invece fa della scena qualcosa di molto più toccante. E lo fa in maniera molto semplice: riprendendo il tema del bacio dal finale del primo atto, quasi a chiudere un percorso circolare che da eros conduce a thanatos. Anche le parole tornano quasi identiche: “Un bacio… un bacio ancora… ah!… un altro bacio…”. Solo che ora il declamato non ha quasi tonalità, e l’ultima sillaba è detta in un rantolo.
È noto quello che ebbe a scrivere George Bernard Shaw: “The truth is that, instead of Otello being an Italian opera written in the style of Shakespeare, Othello is a play written by Shakespeare in the style of Italian opera” (Shaw 1901). Shaw era un uomo straordinariamente intelligente e brillante, ma quella volta io credo che il gusto del paradosso lo abbia tradito. L’Otello di Verdi e Boito è veramente un’opera italiana scritta alla maniera di Shakespeare, se con questo intendiamo la capacità di scolpire personaggi e situazioni memorabili capaci di parlare, ora e sempre, alla nostra testa e al nostro cuore.


Bibliografia

Aldrich-Moodie, J., False fidelity: OthelloOtello, and their critics, “Comparative drama”, n. 28, 3 (1994), pp. 324 -47.
Aycock, R.E., Shakespeare, Boito, and Verdi, “The musical quarterly”, n. 58, 4 (1972), pp. 588-604.
Bini, D., Reticence, a rhetorical strategy in Othello/Otello: Shakespeare, Verdi-Boito, Zeffirelli, “Italica”, n. 83, 2 (2006), pp. 238-55.
Broyles, M.E., Mahaney, W.E., Structure and dramatic tone in Othello and Otello, “Studies in the humanities”, n. 3, 2 (1973), pp. 8-16.
Eösze, L., Otello, dramma di Shakespeare e opera di Verdi, in AA.VV., Il teatro e la musica di Giuseppe Verdi. Atti del III congresso internazionale di studi verdiani, Parma, Istituto di studi verdiani, 1974, pp. 20-6.
Fisher, B.D. (a cura di), Verdi’s Otello, Miami, Opera Journeys Publishing, 2001.
Hauger, G., Othello and Otello, “Music & letters”, n. 50, 1 (1969), pp. 76-85.
Hugo, F.-V., Oeuvres complètes de William Shakespeare, vol. V, 2, Paris, Pagnerre, 1860.
Leggatt, A., Love and faith in Othello and Otello, “University of Toronto quarterly”, n. 81, 4 (2012), pp. 836-49.
Lombardo, A., L’eroe tragico moderno: Faust, Amleto, Otello, Roma, Donzelli, 1996.
Marenco, F., Il doppio mondo di Otello, in Crivelli, R.S., Restivo, G. (a cura di), Inscenare/interpretare Otello, Bologna, Clueb, 2006, pp. 195-210.
Minear, E., Music and the crisis of meaning in Othello, “Studies in English literature, 1500-1900”, n. 49, 2 (2009), pp. 355-70.
Pederzoli, E., Una riscrittura dell’Otello di Boito e Verdi: la ricetta per il “cioccolatte”, Tesi di Laurea, Università di Bologna, a.a. 2007-2008 (https://www.academia.edu/13845958/Una_riscrittura_dellOtello_Boito_e_Verdi_la_ricetta_per_il_Cioccolatte_).
Rodin, K., Verdi’s Faustian Otello, “Interdisciplinary humanities”, n. 30, 2 (2013), pp. 66-80.
Rusbridger, R., Projective identification in Othello and Verdi’s Otello, “International journal of psychoanalysis”, n. 94 (2013), pp. 33-47.
Rusconi, C. (a cura di), Teatro completo di Shakespeare tradotto dall’originale inglese in prosa italiana, vol. I, 1, Padova, Minerva, 1828.
Schlegel, W.A., Corso di letteratura drammatica (1809), tr. it. di G. Gherardini, vol. III, Milano, Giusti, 1841, pp. 86-9.
Serpieri, A., Otello: l’eros negato, Napoli, Liguori, 2003.
Shaw, G.B., A word more about Verdi, “Anglo-Saxon review”, n. 8 (1901), pp. 221-9.
Verdi, G., Boito, A., Carteggio, a cura di M. Medici e M. Conati, Parma, Istituto di studi verdiani, 1978.
Wills, G., Verdi’s Shakespeare: men of the theater, London, Penguin, 2011.
Zanon, T., Il “bianco” e il “nero”. Boito e il libretto per l’Otello di Verdi, in AA.VV., Studi in onore di Pier Vincenzo Mengaldo per i suoi settant’anni, Firenze, Sismel-Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007, pp. 953-65.


2017 The Author. Open Access published under the terms of the CC-BY-4.0.


[1] pucci@unisi.it.
[2] Tra i molti studi dedicati al confronto tra le due opere si sono tenuti presenti in modo particolare: Hauger 1969, Aycock 1972, Broyles e Mahaney 1973, Eösze 1974, Aldrich-Moodie 1994, Fisher 2001, Minear 2009, Wills 2011, Leggatt 2012. Molto informata e utile la tesi di laurea di E. Pederzoli (Pederzoli 2007-2008).
[3] Ampiamente documentata dal carteggio tra musicista e librettista (cfr. Verdi e Boito 1978).
[4] Oltre alle opere già citate, si vedano al riguardo Marenco 2006, Serpieri 2003, Rodin 2013, Rusbridger 2013.

jueves, 16 de agosto de 2018

RAMBLES ON VERDI'S OTHELLO IN DENMARK

 #OthElokuu
Translated from the Danish by Yours Truly              

From Politikkens operafører, by Mogens Wenzel Andreasen:

Otello

Opera in four acts.
Lyrics: Arrigo Boito after Shakespeare
Dramatis personae:
  • Othello, supreme commander of the military (tenor)
  • Cassio, captain / kaptajn (tenor)
  • Iago, ensign / fenrik (baritone)
  • Roderigo (tenor)
  • Ludovico, envoy of the Republic (bass)
  • The former governor of Cyprus (bass)
  • Desdemona, Othello's wife (soprano)
  • Emilia, Iago's wife (mezzosoprano)
Setting: Late 1400s century, on Cyprus
Ur-première: La Scala, Milan, 5th of February 1887; Det Kongelige Teater, Copenhagen, 20th of April 1898, translated by Salomon Levysohn, reviewed by Johannes Fønss (1940).
PLOT SUMMARY
Act One. On the square before the castle, a restless crowd has gathered to look out towards the sea, where a ship struggles against a violent storm. It is in the evening. The crowd all bend their knees for the sake of Othello, who can be found on board. Iago and Roderigo follow with the crowd the dramatic development, that ends with great relief, as the ship makes it to port with a broken mast. Othello lands with his entourage and tells of his victory against the Turks. He then heads towards the castle, followed by the exultant crowd. The storm has calmed, and celebration bonfires are lit. But Iago is on the go with his intrigues. He hates Cassio, as much as he hates Othello, because Othello has overlooked him and promoted Cassio to be his closest officer. Therefore, Iago tries to raise Roderigo up against both of them. He has had wine brought, drinks toasts with Cassio, and gets him drunk. Roderigo's laughter makes Cassio flare up even more, and, when the former governor tries to intervene, he gets caught in the crossfire. Cassio draws steel, and the former governor has to defend himself. Meanwhile, Iago is provoking the spectators, and in the end, Othello arrives and demotes Cassio, to much rejoicing for Iago. Desdemona has also been summoned by the noise and comes out to meet her husband, who, in the meantime, has the uprising quelled. Othello and Desdemona are left alone, en tête-à-tête, and sing a love duet.
Act Two. Iago and Cassio have a conversation in a hall of the castle, and the former advises the latter to persuade Desdemona to intercede for his sake before Othello. Cassio leaves, and Iago sings his Creed, in which he confesses that he believes in evil. Desdemona is seen through a window in the garden, in the company of Emilia, and Cassio approaches them. The ladies approach him with friendliness, and when Othello soon passes by, Iago draws his attention towards what is occurring in the garden. He succeeds in awakening Othello's jealousy. But, even if Othello has now begun to have suspicions about his wife, he requires ocular proof. When the sailors, with women and children, praise Desdemona, Othello forgets for a moment his suspicion, but it flares up again when she comes and intercedes for Cassio. He sends her away, with the excuse of a headache. She wants to help him by tying her handkerchief around his head, but he throws it away. Emilia gathers the cloth, but Iago snatches it from her. Desdemona is surprised by her husband's detached attitude, but she cannot reach or find contact with him. He shoves her away in a rage. Othello surrenders to his feelings; now he wants to forget everything that has until now been his great joy. Iago consoles him with hypocritical words, and Othello, furious, lunges at him and demands ocular proof. Iago is completely remorseless. He can give no proof, but he tries with a lie. He claims to have heard Cassio talk in his sleep about Desdemona, and he tells of a handkerchief, that he says he recognises as Desdemona's, but that he has seen in Cassio's hands. Othello is out of himself with fury, for he recognises the handkerchief from its description: it was his first gift to Desdemona. Now, he is feeling that his suspicions are confirmed, and Iago supports him in this view of the situation.
Act Three. Iago has planned a conversation with Cassio, for Othello to eavesdrop on them. At the end of the conversation, he calls out to Cassio: "Don't let them know it... / I must leave. That silken tissue..." As Desdemona enters, Othello receives her with caustic irony. He complains about a headache and asks her for her handkerchief. He appears threatening towards her, and she sheds tears, for she does not recognise her husband at all as such. Othello stands alone, devastated by his own suspicions. Iago and Cassio approach, and Othello conceals himself to eavesdrop upon their conversation. Iago intends to carry out this conversation in such a way that Othello might believe that Desdemona is unfaithful with Cassio. He also sees the handkerchief in the young officer's hands, and does not know that it is Iago who has given it to him. Othello loses his sanity. "How should I end her life?!" he asks Iago, who replies: "I'd suffocate her / upon the very marriage bed she has tainted." In his gratitude towards Iago's ostensible sincerity, Othello promotes him to captain.
Ludovico, a dignitary, visits Othello, who receives him with Desdemona and their entourage. The dignitary brings orders from the ruler that Othello should return to the capital, leaving Cassio as his successor. Othello loses his sanity. He tosses Desdemona onto the ground. She and the entourage flee in fright and in despair, and Iago is left en tête-à-tête with Othello, who collapses due to powerlessness and exhaustion. Outside, a rejoicing chorus is heard singing praises of Othello, the "Lion victorious." "Lo and behold!" says Iago, sarcastic, as he points at the unconscious Othello.
Act Four. Emilia undoes Desdemona's head for the night in the latter's bedchamber. Desdemona sings the song of the weeping willow ("The poor soul sat sighing.") She feels oppressed by visions of her death in a near future and takes her leave of Emilia. Desdemona sings her "Ave Maria", her Hail Mary, where she expresses her anxiety about the future. As soon as she has fallen asleep, Othello enters. He stands still for a long time contemplating her, before he wakes her up with a kiss. Her pleas, when she finds it clear what he wants, are in vain. His final decision is not to be changed, and he suffocates her. Emilia enters and utters a piercing scream, which summons Ludovico, Cassio, and Iago to the site. The intrigue is revealed, and Iago takes to flight. Othello wants to run a sword through him, but lets it fall and sinks in despair upon Desdemona's lifeless form. Before anyone can prevent it, he stabs a dagger into his own chest.
CHARACTERISTICS
Arrigo Boito, who was a composer himself and is still remembered for his Mephistopheles, and, to some degree, his unfinished Nerone (Nero), has with his libretto after Shakespeare's tragedy created a magnum opus of an opera libretto. The music shows how much the mastery of Verdi had increased in his senior years. It is still Italian opera, with radiant melodic features, but the opera is composed through, and shows at some points, that Verdi knew Wagner's works quite well. The first scene, in the harbour, is seething with dramatism and ecstatic in its intensity, that rises in Iago's drinking song:
(Drink, Lieutenant...)
In stark contrast to this stands Othello's and Desdemona's love motif:
(Please kiss me!)
Iago's monologue, his Creed, is likewise of demonic intensity, as well as his remarks to Othello:
(The dark, green-eyed serpent, cold as ice, monstrous...)
Of great melodic beauty are Desdemona's willow song and subsequent Hail Mary:
(The poor soul sat sighing...)
In the final scene, Othello's entrance is led by a motif that depicts his thoughts of revenge and murder:
(Enter Othello through the door, stage right. After shutting the door, he places his sword on the dressing table and stands for a while before the candelabra on the nightstand table, doubting whether he shall quench the flames or not.)

DISCOGRAPHY
  • Tebaldi, del Monaco, Protti, Vienna Philh., conducted by Karajan. DECCA
  • Vickers, Rysanek, Gobbi, Andreolli, Opera of Rome, conducted by Serafin. ECA
  • Domingo, Scotto, Milnes, National Philh., conducted by Levine. RCA
  • Domingo, Studer, Leiferkus, Vargas, Opéra Bastille (Paris), conducted by Chung. Deutsche Grammophon
  • Vinay, Nelli, Valdengo, Assandri, NBC Choir and Orchestra, conducted by Toscanini. RCA
  • Vinay, Martinis, Schöffler, Dermota, Vienna Philh., conducted by Furtwängler. EMI
  • Vickers, Freni, Glossop, Berlin Philh., conducted by Karajan. EMI
  • Domingo, Ricciarelli, Díaz, La Scala, conducted by Maazel. EMI

¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨
From Lottes OPERAbog, by Lotte Heise (she uses"fændrik" for Iago and "løjtnant" for Cassio, which Politikens omits in the summary and misspells in the dramatis personae! Also, she is a Lemony narrator, a definite plus!):

RENDING 
Evil

Othello
by GIUSEPPE VERDI

Othello is yet another one of Verdi's fantastic operas which are deeply tragic and end in a DREADful way, so naturally it fits into the category "Rending Evil." ('Ædende ond'.)
It is his second last opera, and the music is really on top. Here there is nothing trivial about the music, which is refined and generally laden with grandeur - without becoming bombastic.
The plot is awesome. Wicked man puts the maximal amount of flies in the ointment to rise to power. Dark-skinned man, skilful warrior and commander, is married to white, beautiful female of good family. He suffers constantly from inferiority complex, and, even though she loves him to endless heights, love is not enough! :( 


ACT ONE
Othello is not only the supreme commander of the military, he is also the province governor of Cyprus and actually unmeasurably popular - in spite of his dark skin. Right now, he is on his way home from a great battle, which he has won against the Turks. Both the Cypriots and the fortress garrison are gathered in the harbour, where they are all very worried about the storm that may lead the flagship to wreck.
Othello, fortunately, makes it safely to port, and is hailed as the hero he is. But there is one who neither wishes him safe and sound at home, nor praised by the people. Iago, who is an ensign, hates Othello and desires his downfall, maybe especially because Othello has named Cassio to the rank of lieutenant, and not Iago himself.
He is a master of intrigue, and, in the course of the following acts, you will see how fast traps can spring around one's ankles - without one having any influence upon it.
In the first round, Iago's concern is to make Cassio drunk. Thereafter, he uses Roderigo, a nobleman in love with Othello's more-than-beautiful wife Desdemona, as the lynchpin for the first part of the intrigue. Roderigo thinks that it would be fun to challenge Cassio to a duel, and, since Cassio is drunk and bereft of his judgement, he falls instantly into the trap. When the officer on duty interposes himself between the two fighters, he is wounded in the arm by Cassio. Othello arrives, disarms the two fighting bantam roosters, and demotes Cassio. Like that. The first part of Iago's sinister plan is a success.
The act ends with a wonderful scene between Desdemona and Othello, where he once more fears because of their unequal alliance. He is dark-skinned and not of noble, fine descent, while she is first and foremost lily-white, and of the finest noble blood - and thus he is worried - something that one can all too well understand.
Desdemona loves Othello until death and reassures him in a fantastic duet on how much she loves him - and he falls into peace again!


ACT TWO
In the second act, Iago resumes his twisted plans. First, he meets an "oh-how-weary-I-am-of-this" Cassio, who has both a physical and especially a moral hangover over the "mess he has made."
Iago "advises" him rottenly to ask Desdemona for help. Really grimly done, for Othello happens to be very jealous and has an evil eye for the pretty lieutenant! Right when Desdemona is - very conveniently for the plot - about to take a walk in the garden, out storms Cassio to talk to her. Iago sings then the so renowned aria about his life, which centers on power and control - and preferently with human sacrifices! Immediately afterwards, Othello enters, and Iago, that snake in the grass, triggers Othello's violent jealousy, which never is as far away as an alcoholic from his glass! Iago tells him in fact, in a very subtle way, that there is surely something between Desdemona and Cassio! Now, to add insult to injury, the unwitting Desdemona enters and pleads for mercy upon poor Cassio, who after all was only drunk. Othello, whom Iago has filled to the breaking point with lies, flips completely out, believing that there is something between Desdemona and Cassio. She does not understand anything, and tries to explain, but he is furious and sends her away. She goes, brokenhearted, her own way.
Iago's wife Emilia, who is Desdemona's handmaid, is the only one who sees Iago snatch Desdemona's handkerchief, but, since she is completely within his power, she must keep as silent as the grave. As soon as Iago is left once more en tête-à-tête with Othello, he fills the general with made-up stories about Desdemona's and Cassio's "relationship."
Othello, who is now completely guided by his jealousy, breaks down, and Iago, who loves to kick those who are lying down, tells the crushed Othello that he, Iago, has seen Cassio hugging Desdemona's handkerchief! Othello behaves like a wounded bull and swears for revenge! Iago smiles, elated, and is completely at ease with himself!


ACT THREE
Now the tempo rises in "Iago's Wicked Feast!"
First, a desperate Othello asks his beloved, kind-hearted, and innocent wife about her relationship to Cassio. Since her conscience is as white as newly-fallen snow, she refutes his accusations, and once more, furious, he sends her away.
Afterwards, Iago very calculatingly asks Cassio about his relationship with the scrumptious courtesan Bianca. Cassio lets all his praises of the beauty out, yet without mentioning her by name - for they both know whom they are talking about! At the same time, Iago has sneakily contrived that Othello is able to eavesdrop on the conversation, and of course he believes that it is Desdemona of whom it is spoken, for he is so super-paranoid!
Unattainably wicked and smart, this move of Iago's. And things turn out worse. Iago has, in fact, laid Desdemona's handkerchief, which he snatched before, in Cassio's quarters. When Othello sees the handkerchief of his beloved in Cassio's hated hands, he completely loses his reason, and, filled with uncontrolled jealousy, he decides to kill his faithful and endearing Desdemona.
Now comes a visit from the capital, the envoy Ludovico, who deprives Othello of his powerful position and, in his stead, appoints Cassio as governor.
This makes Othello break down completely, and even though there are hundreds of people present, he calls Desdemona a faithless strumpet, and shoves her down to the ground, then faints and collapses himself by her side!
Iago enjoys the powerful results of his intrigues and rejoices over the broken Othello!


ACT FOUR
Iago's downtrodden wife, the handmaid Emilia, helps the unfortunate Desdemona to prepare herself for the night. Desdemona sings a mournful song of her childhood, then says a prayer for all those who have been and are innocently accused!
She is, it comes as no surprise, sure that death is lurking nearby. And she does not have to wait for long, before a completely hysterical Othello comes into the bedchamber and reveals that her "beloved" Cassio is already dead, and that now it is her turn! Panic-stricken, she swears that she is innocent, but he is completely out of her reach, and suffocates his one great love.
Emilia enters the bedchamber and tells, shuddering, that Roderigo, who was to kill Cassio, has been killed himself. When she discovers that Desdemona had been suffocated, she screams for help, full of fright, and Cassio, Ludovico, and Iago come in haste.
Othello confesses unhappily that he has suffocated his beloved wife.
Emilia, who now finds it clear that it is her gruesome husband who lies behind all of it, reveals that it was Iago who stole the handkerchief. Iago tries at first to threaten her into silence, but he must realise that the game is over and he has lost it, and he escapes.
Ludovico now explains that Roderigo, before his death, also contrived to reveal Iago's betrayal towards the unwitting Othello. When the grotesque and dreadful connections between the circumstances are revealed to Othello, he stabs himself with his own dagger and kisses, as he dies, his beloved Desdemona's lips.



You will be entranced, if you listen to:



ACT ONE
See that sail there! It's a galley! (chorus of Cypriots)
Young man, wet your whistle! Quaff even quicker! (Iago, Cassio, Roderigo, chorus)
Down with all those rapiers! (Othello, Iago, Cassio, Roderigo, chorus)

ACT TWO
I believe in a cruel God (Iago)
If I unwittingly have sinned, my dear, against you (Desdemona, Othello, Iago, Emilia)
Keep calm, my lord (Iago, Othello)
I swear by the marble heavens (Othello, Iago)

ACT THREE
In seeing you so fierce now (Desdemona, Othello)
The Leader and the Council send their regards (Ludovico, Othello, Desdemona, among others)
Away all!! (Othello + everyone)

ACT FOUR
Ave Maria, gratia plena (Desdemona)
My lady, have you said your evening prayers? (Othello, Desdemona)





jueves, 1 de marzo de 2018

Critical evaluation of Verdi's Othello

Critical evaluation of the opera

In Otello, the flow between the set pieces is much smoother than in any of Verdi's earlier works. Whereas in his earlier masterpieces he had made significant strides away from the aria-recitative structure, here Verdi did away with it entirely. Verdi's librettist, Arrigo Boito, was extremely faithful to Shakespeare's original play, though act 1 of the drama was omitted and the other scenes were condensed in length. The roles of Otello (Othello) and Iago are among the most fully developed in all of opera, as much so as in Shakespeare's original drama—especially the character of Otello himself. (Iago is much more a standard villain in the opera than in the play). Verdi's orchestral writing in Otello is more highly developed than in any of Verdi's previous masterpieces. Though the orchestra plays a significant role in his earlier works, never before had Verdi, or Italian opera in general, been so daring and complex in orchestration. Throughout the score instances of dissonance appear, and Otello's entrance is marked by a cluster chord made of C–C–D. It has been argued that Otello was influenced by Richard Wagner's work, whereas others believe it was pitted directly against it.

Musical analysis


Act 1

The storm which dominates the opening chorus is portrayed vividly by the orchestra. Rapidly changing sixteenth notes played by the lower strings and woodwinds create an image of a turbulent sea while rising and descending scales in the upper woodwinds represent the unpredictable patterns of the wind in the tempest. Frequent interjections from the brass and percussion portray the bolts of lightning and thunder which accompany the storm. Otello's first entrance is marked by brass instruments for a sense of grandeur. Verdi adds to the anxiety by having the organ hold its three lowest notes in a cluster (C–C–D) through the entire scene. At the end, the woodwinds gradually calm down to portray the fading of the storm, and finally the release of the low organ discord completes the feeling of relief. When the chorus sings of their joy, the high woodwinds now portray the sparkling, cheerful flames.
In the drinking song that follows, Verdi makes use of the bassoons and other low instruments in order to represent the internal effects of alcohol upon Cassio. However, this is gradually eclipsed by the merry themes which follow in the orchestra and chorus ("Chi all'esca ha morso"). The merriment of the celebrations suddenly become frantic, as Cassio challenges Montano to a duel. The full orchestra builds up to a climax as they fight whilst Iago orders Roderigo to go and alert the entire town until the ordeal is interrupted by a loud statement made by the entering Otello.
Accented notes in the orchestra, particularly in the strings, reflect the annoyance of Otello at having his sleep disturbed. Notes played piano and pizzicato by the strings accompany Iago's account of the events, giving his account a feeling of false remorse and unhappiness. Upon Otello's orders, the disturbed islanders return to their homes, accompanied by legato notes in the upper strings and woodwinds depicting the calm that has once more been reestablished.
The great love duet which ends the act commences with a statement from Otello accompanied by cellos playing pianissimo. Desdemona's reply to him is accompanied by the violins and violas, providing a contrast to the statements made by Otello previously. When the duet proper starts ("Quando narravi"), sixteenth notes played by the harp and quarter notes played by the horns and bassoons give the music a sense of motion as Desdemona describes the narrations that Otello had given her about his life. As Otello commences to speak about how he narrated the battles in which he fought, thirty-second notes in the strings in addition to the inclusion of the lower brass instruments reflect the violent topics of Otello's previous narration. However, upon Desdemona's next vocal entrance several bars later, this immense energy is translated to an overall sense of the passion of the two lover's love for each other through the use of some of the more expressive wind instruments such as the English Horn. The duet continues to build up in passion until its climax, the appearance of the "kiss" theme which reappears twice more in the Opera near the end. After this, the music begins to tone down until the act ends with a trill in two of the first violins and a plucked chord on the harp.

Act 2

The act commences with a series of dark threatening statements from the bassoons and cellos followed by repeats of these in the clarinets and violas. Quickly, a theme forms that appears to reflect the calm that has remained in the castle after the brawl the night before. However, this tone is only superficial; repeated descending chromatic scales in the strings during the brief orchestral prelude create a darker atmosphere associated with the plotting of Iago.
Iago's brief conversation with Cassio is marked by the theme from the act's introduction, making Iago appear strangely affable when he suggests that Cassio consult Desdemona; however, as before, an underlying dark tone remains.
Upon Cassio's exit, this dark tone rapidly becomes predominant as the gestures which opened the act repeat, but this time, will a full string and woodwind section. The famous aria that follows ("Credo in un Dio crudel") is marked by trills in the lowest clarinet register and quick yet powerfully accented notes played by the full orchestra at several intervals that portray the evil of Iago to its fullest extent.
Nevertheless, Iago's evil reverie is interrupted by the appearance of Desdemona and Cassio. The urgency felt by Iago in the situation is reflected in the staccato eight notes in the strings which accompany his witnessing of the situation. However, upon Otello's entry the music suddenly becomes much calmer. Otello's response to Iago's question about the preexisting relationship between Cassio and Desdemona is a typical love melody which would have been standard in an earlier Verdi opera, yet it lacks the passion that would typically accompany it and is cut short by Iago's interjection. Otello's annoyance with Iago for not directly stating his "suspicions" is suddenly reflected by an outburst in the orchestra. This is the second instance in the opera in which Otello's potential anger has been made apparent. As Iago gives the equivalent of the famous Shakespearean line from the play ("È un'idra fosca"), the low strings and woodwinds create a dark tone during this scene.
This darkness, however is interrupted by the appearance of a chorus. The chorus is accompanied by folk instruments such as the mandolin and guitar in order to give the music a more authentic feel. However, the music is slow and intentionally sweet in quality, reflecting the kind innocence of Desdemona.
The quartet that follows the episode begins with a similarly sweet statement by Desdemona, asking for Otello to forgive her if she has done anything. This is overshadowed by the aside brooding of Otello about his perception of her guilt, which is marked by shorter, more separated phrases in the strings. Meanwhile, as Iago and Emilia join into the music with their quarrel, the music darkens until it is strangely sad towards the end, even when the orchestral accompaniment ends. After the end of the quartet proper, the music once again regains its sweet nature, as Desdemona's farewell statements are accompanied by the violins and oboe, however soon after her departure, it rapidly darkens, Otello broods to the incessant notes of the bassoons and lower violin statements. However, this is immediately transferred into an anger towards Iago which is reflected in the accented statements made by the full orchestra. Otello's distress is reflected by his farewell to fame and glory ("Ora e per sempre addio"). Repeated lower chords on the harp along with triplet movement in the lower strings give the portion a dark tone, despite the majestic interludes of the brass and the melody (which would, on its own, be cheerful).
During Iago's untruthful account of Cassio's dream, strings and high woodwind instruments are used in order to create a dream-like atmosphere in the music. Descending chromatic scales both add to this atmosphere and maintain the dark overall tone which has pervaded.
The act ends with an energetic finale in which Iago and Otello swear to have vengeance. The energy of this final duet is provided by the full orchestra, which accompanies it.

Act 3

The brief prelude to the third act uses the theme which had accompanied Iago's warning to Otello about jealousy in the second act. It begin with the lower strings, immediately creating the dark theme that will be present throughout the act, even if in a hidden subsurface manner. The prelude gradually builds up until its climax with the entire orchestra.
Desdemona's appearance in the act is once again accompanied by a sweet melody, however, this is quickly subdued as Otello, in his frustration, calls her a "vil cortigiana" at which point the anger of Otello is once again portrayed by a full orchestra with brass. The music that accompanies Desdemona's reaction to this sudden outburst is sad, yet the woodwinds give it an oddly noble character, which again reaffirms her overall innocence.
After Desdemona's departure, Iago stages an interrogation of Cassio in front of Otello. This interrogation takes the form of a friendly conversation and is accompanied by jocular sixteenth note runs in the woodwinds, reflecting the joy of Cassio about his love interest with the woman Bianca. This happily playful tone is contrasted with the dark asides of the watching Otello. Throughout this scene, the dark tone pervades.
The full scene that follows is grand in the orchestration, with abundant use of brass throughout. However, following Otello's angry outbursts near the end, it quickly becomes dark and sad after Otello strikes Desdemona.
After the departure of all of the members of the scene, the turmoil within Otello's mind is reflected by the restlessness of the orchestra, which becomes increasingly violent as he falls into his trance. The dark singing of the triumphant Iago is contrasted with the majestic brass and external choral interjections praising Otello..


Act 4


The act begins with a brief prelude of woodwind instruments, particularly the English horn and oboe, which bring a sad and mourning atmosphere to the act, reflecting the sentiments which manifest themselves in Desdemona. All the while, clarinets playing in the lowest register on repeating chords create a sense of impending doom. The theme upon which this prelude is built is that of the later "Willow Song".
In the brief recitativo between Desdemona and Emilia which begins the act, the despairing tone begun in the introduction continues.
The "Willow Song" ("Mia madre aveva una povera ancella") which follows is marked by an increasing orchestral sound, with woodwinds and strings adding to it, yet what compounds the sadness of the piece is the wail-like cries of "Salce" made by Desdemona followed by similarly despairing, yet softer "echoes" played by the English horn. Near the end of the song, Desdemona's fear, which has been hidden up to this point by a veil of sadness, is made apparent; she mistakes the noise of the wind for that of an intruder. The orchestra immediately builds to a fortissimo, reflecting the genuine worries possessed by Desdemona. The music that gradually lessens with the comforting of Emilia and returns for a final repetition of the theme of the "Willow Song".
Afterwards, Desdemona begins to bid Emilia adieu. This goodbye is initially accompanied by repeated notes on the lower woodwinds and strings such as those in the introduction of the act but in a much more noticeable and dominating manner. This reflects the increasing expectation of Desdemona of her death. Initially, she attempts to keep these feelings to herself, but the orchestra reveals her increasing inner thoughts. These feelings finally reach a point at which they can no longer be contained and Desdemona lets out a loud passionate cry of goodbye to Emilia, one that is reinforced by the full orchestral accompaniment.
Following Emilia's departure, Desdemona prays. Like many of Desdemona's earlier vocal appearances in the opera, these prayers contain a sweet nature, reflecting, for the final time, the innocence of the wrongly accused woman. The melody within the strings that appears later in the prayer scene adds significantly to the poignancy of the situation.
After she goes to bed, a sinister theme appears in the string bass, depicting Otello's entrance. This effectively replaces the sad tone which was present throughout the first portions with the dark one which marked much of the second and third acts. The low theme begins very slowly, but gradually accelerates until there is a sudden outburst with the full orchestra. However, soon afterwards, the music drops down to a soft tremolo in the strings. Above this, a theme that evokes Otello's longing for Desdemona appears in the English horn and bassoons. This theme builds up until it finally gives way to the "kiss" theme from act 1, as Otello embraces the sleeping Desdemona. However this second appearance of the theme is even more passionate than the first one and adds to the poignancy of the tragedy.
Once Desdemona awakens, the music retreats to the theme that accompanied Otello's entrance, but with a more threatening feel this time as brass instruments are added. As Otello demands that Desdemona confess, the music accelerates, reaching a climax at the point where Desdemona is strangled. After this, though the power of the orchestra lessens, it maintains its darkness throughout the scene of Emilia's discovery of the murder and Desdemona's final death.
The scene with that follows is marked by a theme that is somewhat majestic and proud, however, as it is limited to the woodwinds, it seems weak. This reflects the loss of power and honor that have faced Otello.
As Otello laments his actions to the theme of his longing, he decides to commit suicide. Just before he dies, the orchestra plays the "kiss" motif one final time before the opera ends.